Understanding Environmental Security At Ports And Harbors

Wenning, Richard J.; Apitz, Sabine E.; Baba, Alper; Citron, M.; Elliott, Katherine S.; Al-Halasah, N.; Kapustka, Lawrence A.; Lazarescu, Mihaela; Rutjes, Rob

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6385-5_1

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…At a larger scale, the need for resilience planning to provide environmental security, which “…involves actions that guard against environmental degradation to preserve or protect human, material, and natural resources at scales ranging from global to local in a sustainable manner,” (Wenning et al 2007) is increasingly clear following the massive costs, in economic and human terms, of recent hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, nuclear accidents, and terrorist activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem services and environmental decision making: Seeking order in complexity

Apitz¹

2013

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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The Ecosystem Service Paradigm (EsSP) is increasingly a component or even an underlying principle of environmental policy, legislation and management internationally. The EsSP can be used to define links between human activities and ecosystems, and ecosystems and the services that in turn support and sustain those and other activities; this information can then be used to evaluate, justify or optimize decisions. However, how EsS within various practical applications and frameworks are applied, defined, quantified, modelled, valued and communicated ranges widely, potentially hindering their roles as cross-sectoral tools. For this paradigm to be useful for cross-disciplinary integration, it is important that practitioners in different fields are clear about what is meant and assumed when terms are used, and within what context assessments are being carried out. The logic behind practical applications of the EsSP can be explained by the EsS Decision Cascade, a three-part, iterative conceptual framework. Within the decision cascade, Ecosystem Service Decision Analysis (EsSD) defines the proposed policies or actions (scenarios), and the changes/pressures under consideration in different scenarios. Within the context laid out by EsSD, Ecosystem Service Assessment (EsSA) will then evaluate how such changes affect biophysical structure, and thus ecosystem function and services; Ecosystem Service Valuation (EsSV) then takes the results from these analyses and generates valuations to inform decisions; linking back to EsSD. EsS-based evaluations can expand the current risk-focused thinking behind ecological risk assessment (ERA) to consider trade-offs between a range of desirable and undesirable responses of a variety of ecosystem endpoints; such an assessment can be termed an Ecosystem Response Assessment (EcoResA), or if applied in a spatially explicit manner, an Ecosystem Regional Assessment (EcoRegA); understanding of such trade-offs is essential to inform decisions about more sustainable remediation, regulation and management of landscapes and resources. This paper describes "taxonomies" of various aspects of EsSP applications, based upon their decision context, perspective and assessment approach. It then examines, with a focus on European issues, a range of current and emerging regulatory and management applications to which the EsSP can be applied in light of this taxonomy. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:214-230.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem services and environmental decision making: Seeking order in complexity

Apitz¹

2013

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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“…A further approach is to look into the environmental security literature that addresses ecological risks of catastrophic events (e.g., Apitz 2007; Wenning et al 2007). Both in Apitz (2007) and Wenning et al (2007), three broad categories of environmental security are addressed: (1) manmade or natural gradual changes that slowly erode economic and environmental sustainability (e.g., bird flu, gradual pollution, climate change), (2) natural catastrophic Environmental consequences governed by release of polluting substances, degree and duration of impact on ecosystem, requirement of remediation, and remedial costs°D egree of toxicity and pollution, characteristics of surrounding areas, and degree of transportation°D egree of exposure by direct intake of contaminated soil, dermal contact, inhalation of dust and vapors, and intake of drinking water, vegetables, and fish events that, to some extent, may be predictable and thereby possible to plan responses and protection measures (e.g., extreme weather, earthquakes, waters), and (3) manmade catastrophic events that are typically sudden and unpredictable (e.g., sudden pollution, unanticipated accidents, terrorism). Landslides of contaminated soil into surface waters should belong to category 2 even though the event may be trigged by man (e.g., by excavation, loading, unloading, etc.).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining landslide and contaminant risk: a preliminary assessment

2008

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Background, aim, and scope The aim of this paper is to highlight a not yet recognized hazard for mass failure (landslides) of contaminated soils into rivers and to provide an understanding of important interactions of such events. A first effort to investigate the problem is made focusing on the south eastern part of the Göta Älv river valley, in Sweden, by combining geographical information on potentially contaminated sites with slope stability levels on maps. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Review current Swedish risk assessment methodologies for contaminated areas and landslides, and analyze their capability to quantify the risk of contaminated areas being subject to landslides. (2) Investigate the presence of contaminated areas at landslide risk along the Göta Älv river valley. (3) Provide an overview of the national methods for landslide risk analysis and for environmental risk classification, followed by a comparison between the methods and the results from the superposition of the two methods for the study site. (4) Make a first attempt to conceptualize the release and transport mechanisms. Materials and methods Environmental risk assessment data of the study site was combined with data on slope stability levels. Conceptual issues of the release and transport scenario were identified and a first conceptual model was created. ResultsOf 31 potentially contaminated sites, eight had moderate to high probability for landslide, and of these eight sites, five were classified as having a high or very high environmental risk. These findings had not been revealed when the data had only been considered separately. The 'actual' risk could hence be even higher than the highest environmental risk class actually suggests. By visualizing results from the landslide risk analysis with the results from the environmental risk classification of contaminated sites, a better understanding of the potential hazard involved is obtained. Discussion The release mechanisms as a result of a landslide into surface water were conceptualized using two time scales: the instantaneous and the long-term release. It is clear that the Swedish method for landslide risk assessment and for environmental risk assessment of contaminated soil considers hazard events that are characterized by different time scales. The method for landslide risk assessment addresses events that are rapid (occurring over minutes) with instantaneous impact and consequences. Measurements are made within a short time after the event (days to months). The environmental risk assessment is done with respect to events that are slowly evolving (over years or decades) and any possible consequence materializes after a long period of time. Conclusions The combined data provided a more solid basis for decisions; however, inherent difficulties when combining data based on different methods were revealed. Separate assessment methodologies executed by different authorities may lead to incorrect assessments and inappropriate protective measures.Recommendations and perspective...

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“…The top-of-the-agenda insecurity for ports to deal with is pollution in the port area by ships’ dispersal of waste and other residues to water (Blakesley, 2006). Pollution is difficult to tackle, as more awareness is raised for ports as crucial in the global trade, but also as there has been ‘a growing awareness of the need to ensure that health, environment and safety are adequately protected and considered as an integral function of these facilities’ (Wenning et al, 2007: 4). Clearly, economic and environmental agendas conflict most vibrantly in port policies and securing.…”

Section: Insecurity In Portsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the Port of Rotterdam focuses primarily on the dangers of terrorist attacks on containers or mass goods (such as oil), while the Port of New Orleans has faced natural disaster (e.g. hurricane Katrina) and its consequences (Wenning et al, 2007).…”

Section: Insecurity In Portsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paradoxes of security and their effects come to the surface in ports, mainly caused by the short supply in communication and co-operation between port facilitators (Goulielmos and Pardali, 1998; Van Os, 2003) and the security-related conflicts that easily arise: security agents need to guarantee safe and time-consuming cargo transport, because of increasing scrutiny post-9/11 (Cowen, 2007; Wenning et al, 2007; Woodward, 2009). However, stevedores need to produce flexible put-through, as time costs money, especially in transportation (Urciuoli et al, 2010).…”

Section: Late Modernity Security and Criminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘Port of call’: Towards a criminology of port security

Eski

2011

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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While public and criminological interest in ports is remarkably scarce, they form an intersection of (images of) crime and crime control. Port security organizations and personnel are confronted with that intersection in their everyday work life. In this article I will highlight the possibilities for researching port security from a criminological starting point. By describing port insecurities and their regulation, I will conceptualize the late modern condition of security. After this, the theoretical promises of a criminological analysis of port security shall be discussed, for example, how recent developed thoughts on security consumption filter through at the specific geographical sites of the port. In moving towards a criminology of port security, I aim to set the focus on security in transnational spaces and transport, and to contribute to a critical engagement within the prioritized criminological theorization of the globalized security society.

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Understanding Environmental Security At Ports And Harbors

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Ecosystem services and environmental decision making: Seeking order in complexity

Ecosystem services and environmental decision making: Seeking order in complexity

Combining landslide and contaminant risk: a preliminary assessment

‘Port of call’: Towards a criminology of port security

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