Understanding electrochemical capacitors with in-situ techniques

Pal, Bhupender; Yasin, Amina; Kaur, Rupinder; Tebyetekerwa, Mike; Zabihi, Fatemeh; Yang, Shengrong; Yang, Chun‐Chen; Sofer, Zdeněk; Jose, Rajan

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111418

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…The half-cells show electrochemical activity within a potential range of ∼2–4 V versus Li/Li + for the pure AC and ∼2–4.5 V versus Li/Li + for the 3DMCNF-AC electrodes with symmetric rectangle-shaped CV curves, which is a characteristic of the ECs. The EC-type charge storage mechanism, as monitored using in situ techniques, is recently reviewed; the study identifies that the pores in the AC electrodes of the device are occupied with electrolyte ions complementary to the surface charge even in the absence of an applied potential, charging the device lead to counterion adsorption, co-ion desorption, and ion exchange in the electrodes. In the present case, the ions are Li + and PF 6 – , where PF 6 – adsorption/desorption occurs at higher potential region (>3 V) and Li + desorption/adsorption at a potential range of 2–3 V. The Li + adsorption process can be expressed as shown in reaction (). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Hybrid Energy Storage Device with a Battery–Electrochemical Capacitor Hybrid Cathode and a Battery-Type Anode

et al. 2021

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The design of appropriate material architectures and a judicious combination of storage modes are expected to deliver electrical energy storage devices of larger specific energy (E S ) and specific power (P S ). Herein, a battery−electrochemical capacitor hybrid material as a cathode [i.e., porous carbon filled with threedimensional MnCo 2 O 4 nanoflowers (3DMCNF), 3DMCNF-AC] and a corresponding battery component (3DMCNF) as an anode are used in a dual hybrid device using a 1 M LiPF 6 electrolyte. The cathodic and the anodic properties of the electrodes are separately studied in the half-cell configuration with respect to the Li/Li + electrode. The 3DMCNF-AC hybrid cathode showed larger specific capacitance (∼165 F•g −1 ) in the potential range (∼2 to 4.5 V vs Li/ Li + ) than that of a pure porous carbon cathode (∼115 F•g −1 , ∼2 to 4 V vs Li/Li + ) at 100 mA•g −1 cycling. The half-cell 3DMCNF anode showed a discharge capacity of ∼1020 mA•h•g −1 in the potential range of ∼0.01−3.0 V versus Li/Li + at a similar cycling condition to that of the cathode. The dual hybrid full device delivered ∼3.5 V with an E S of up to ∼153 W•h•kg −1 and a P S of up to ∼3500 W• kg −1 .

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Hybrid Energy Storage Device with a Battery–Electrochemical Capacitor Hybrid Cathode and a Battery-Type Anode

et al. 2021

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“…Thus, a huge body of literature about the applications of IR spectroscopy in investigations of processes relevant for understanding the action of porous materials is available and extensively reviewed. [162][163][164][165][166] Here, only a few representative examples will be presented.…”

Section: Nanodimensional Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IR spectroscopy is often employed to monitor the occupation of the pores in porous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOF), [167][168][169][170] zeolites, [171][172][173][174] porous carbons 166,[175][176][177] etc. 178 IR spectroscopy can confirm the successful and controllable preparation of C 60 encapsulated inside the pores of zeoliticimidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) by solvent-free mechanochemical processes.…”

Section: Nanodimensional Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface processes play a crucial role in a number of other important chemical processes, such as electrochemical reactions, 166,282,320 processes on membranes [320][321][322] and corrosion. [323][324][325] Corrosion is the natural deterioration of a material, which it undergoes as a result of interaction with the environment, most commonly the atmosphere or water.…”

Section: Surface-affected Chemical Transformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…337 Despite its limitations, that have not yet been satisfactorily overcome, in situ IR spectroscopy, especially in its ATR-SEIRS incarnation, where the IR beam targets the working electrode, [338][339][340] is relatively frequently employed to investigate electrochemical capacitors. 166 Its first use in this respect was the measurement of ion dynamics of an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium triflate, in a functioning capacitor with RuO 2 as a pseudocapacitor. 338 Since then, it has revealed new insights into the charging mechanism of electrochemical capacitors, and clearly demonstrates the role of surface chemistry of carbon electrodes in the charge storage mechanism.…”

Section: Surface-affected Chemical Transformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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freshwater storage. [6,7] Figure 1 shows the annual average monthly blue water (fresh surface water and groundwater) scarcity.Regions like Australia, central America, North China, and North Africa face the highest freshwater scarcity. Two-thirds of the global population suffers from severe freshwater scarcity at least 1 month of the year, and half a billion people worldwide face severe freshwater scarcity all year around. [8] This issue will intensify in the future due to climate change and evergrowing water consumption.The earth's climate and the terrestrial water cycle have a close and complex relationship. [9] Climate change is causing parts of the water cycle to speed up as warming temperatures increase the water evaporation rate. Scientific evidence shows that global warming is now unequivocal. [10] Greenhouse gas emissions have steeply increased, directly affecting terrestrial water budgets. For example, water decreases have already been observed in western Africa, southwestern Australia, the Yellow River basin in China, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America. Such decreases affect freshwater availability directly. [8,11] In addition to the negative effects of climate change on freshwater access, the higher water consumption of our world population and economic activities are causing great additional freshwater stress. For example, agriculture consumes 50-60%, industries use 5-10%, and 10-20% is used for urban purposes. [12] Further, many of these activities may lead to polluted water, decreasing the available clean and freshwater. For these reasons, the United Nations declared freshwater as one of the many global challenges that need immediate action for sustainable development. [13] Depending on the total mass of dissolved solids in water, natural water is classified into brine water (>50 g L −1 ), saline water (30-50 g L −1 ), brackish water (0.5-30 g L −1 ), and freshwater (0-0.5 g L −1 ). [14] According to the World Health Organization, drinkable water should contain <0.25 g L −1 of salt, and the limitation on agriculture irrigation is 2 g L −1 . [15,16] There is a need to obtain freshwater by leveraging the tremendous amount of non-fresh water that can be made useable. This can be done by extracting undesirable ions from existing water in a desalination process. This process needs to be energy-efficient and cheap for sustainability and affordability. Water desalination is a promising and practical approach to maintaining an adequate potable water supply. [17,18] Capacitive deionization (CDI) is burgeoning as a cost-effective and energy-efficient

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Understanding electrochemical capacitors with in-situ techniques

Cited by 33 publications

References 125 publications

Dual Hybrid Energy Storage Device with a Battery–Electrochemical Capacitor Hybrid Cathode and a Battery-Type Anode

Dual Hybrid Energy Storage Device with a Battery–Electrochemical Capacitor Hybrid Cathode and a Battery-Type Anode

Infrared spectroscopic monitoring of solid-state processes

Electrocapacitive Deionization: Mechanisms, Electrodes, and Cell Designs

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