Understanding Ebola Virus Transmission

Judson, Seth; Prescott, Joseph; Munster, Vincent J.

doi:10.3390/v7020511

Cited by 81 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…There has been much discussion about the potential for airborne transmission of Ebola virus because of the implications for infection control measures [75,76]. Animal experiments, including those involving NHPs, have raised concerns about the possibility of Ebola virus transmission through aerosol or droplets, resulting in the development of interstitial pneumonia [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85].…”

Section: Droplet and Airborne Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus Shedding and Transmission: Review of Current Evidence

et al. 2016

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Background. The magnitude of the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented, with >28 500 reported cases and >11 000 deaths. Understanding the key elements of Ebola virus transmission is necessary to implement adequate infection prevention and control measures to protect healthcare workers and halt transmission in the community.Methods. We performed an extensive PubMed literature review encompassing the period from discovery of Ebola virus, in 1976, until 1 June 2016 to evaluate the evidence on modes of Ebola virus shedding and transmission.Findings. Ebola virus has been isolated by cell culture from blood, saliva, urine, aqueous humor, semen, and breast milk from infected or convalescent patients. Ebola virus RNA has been noted in the following body fluids days or months after onset of illness: saliva (22 days), conjunctiva/tears (28 days), stool (29 days), vaginal fluid (33 days), sweat (44 days), urine (64 days), amniotic fluid (38 days), aqueous humor (101 days), cerebrospinal fluid (9 months), breast milk (16 months [ preliminary data]), and semen (18 months). Nevertheless, the only documented cases of secondary transmission from recovered patients have been through sexual transmission. We did not find strong evidence supporting respiratory or fomite-associated transmission.

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Section: Droplet and Airborne Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus Shedding and Transmission: Review of Current Evidence

et al. 2016

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“…Ebola virus can remain viable on solid surfaces for up to fi fty days and even longer when protected in body fl uids such as vomit, blood, or stool. 28 CDC assessed burial practices and cemetery management. During the epidemic, in high-incidence areas, all deceased persons should be buried by the burial teams within 24 hours.…”

Section: Adherence To Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40 Other antiviral drugs have been developed like TKM -EBOLA (small interfering RNA anti RNA polymerase) which was tried on a small number of patients, or brincidovir (trial phase III for the treatment of CMV and adenovirus), favipiravir (RNA polymerase RNA dependent inhibitor active against infl uenza virus and is approved in Japan for infl uenza pandemics), BCX-4430 (adenosine analogue) and AVI-7537 (antisense phosphorodiamidatemorpholino oligomers). 28,41 …”

Section: Constant Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons about Causes and Management of an Ebola Outbreak

Elargoubi

Khelifa²,

Haddad

et al. 2017

Folia Medica

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“…Kapljice nisu put prenošenja, kao ni vazduh, ali se virus može preneti sitnim kapljicama krvi i telesnih tečnosti koje mogu da padnu na konjunktivu ili sluzokožu respiratornog sistema i da se tako unesu u organizam osetljive osobe. Studenti četvrte godine su u odnosu na starije kolege u značajno većem procentu znali da je dužina inkubacije 21 dan i da, dok se ne jave simptomi bolesti, osoba nije zarazna (10). Poznavanje ove činjenice je suštinski važno prilikom ispitivanja osoba koje su bile u kontaktu s obolelima od Ebole i za procenu mogućnosti njihovog obolevanja.…”

Section: Diskusijaunclassified

Medical students' knowledge level about Ebola

Todorović¹,

Đurić²,

Marusic³

et al. 2015

Medicinski casopis

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UVODPoslednja epidemija Ebole, koju je Svetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) zvanično proglasila marta 2014, a koja je otpočela još u decembru 2013. u Gvineji, najveća je dosad zabeležena epidemija ovog oboljenja. U odnosu na broj inficiranih i umrlih osoba aktuelna epidemija veća je od svih dosadašnjih epidemija Ebole zajedno. Takođe, smatra se da je realni broj inficiranih znatno veći od broja potvrđenih slučajeva. Do ove epidemije, najviše obolelih bilo je u epidemiji Ebole u Ugandi, od oktobra 2000. do januara 2001. godine, u kojoj je obolelo 425 ljudi, a umrlo njih 224 (1, 2). U avgustu 2014. godine SZO je objavila da je postojeća epidemija Ebole dostigla nivo javnozdravstvene pretnje od međunarodnog značaja, a epidemija se iz Gvineje proširila na još pet zemalja Zapadne Afrike: Sijeru Leone, Liberiju, Nigeriju, Senegal i Mali. Zapadnoafrička epidemija se prenela i u neke zemlje na drugim kontinentima, preko pacijenata koji su u periodu inkubacije putovali ili preko medicinskog osoblja koje je lečilo importovane slučajeve. Obolele su četiri osobe u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i po jedna u Španiji, Velikoj Britaniji i Italiji. Epidemija još traje u Liberiji i Sijeri Leone, dok je u drugim zemljama objavljeno da je epidemija okončana. Do polovine februara 2016, ukupno je obolelo 28.639, a umrlo 11.316 osoba (3). Među njima je oboleo i 881 zdravstveni radnik, a 512 njih je umrlo. Rizik od obolevanja za zdravstvene radnike bio je 21-32 puta veći od rizika obolevanja u običnoj populaciji (4). (31.8% vs. 9.8%, p<0.001). Sixth-year students showed better knowledge about the first symptoms of Ebola, about therapy (69.1% vs. 80.3%, p<0.001) and about personal protective equipment for healthcare workers (88.9% vs. 93.1%, p=0.04). Fourth-year students expressed significantly higher interest in need for further education about Ebola viral disease (p=0.016). Given the current Ebola epidemic, which is still ongoing, as well as the possibility to introduce this disease into our country, there is a need for further education of medical students about Ebola.

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Understanding Ebola Virus Transmission

Cited by 81 publications

References 20 publications

Ebola Virus Shedding and Transmission: Review of Current Evidence

Ebola Virus Shedding and Transmission: Review of Current Evidence

Lessons about Causes and Management of an Ebola Outbreak

Medical students' knowledge level about Ebola

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