Understanding Clostridium difficile Colonization

Abstract

is the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated and health care-associated infective diarrhea. Recently, there has been growing interest in alternative sources of other than patients with infection (CDI) and the hospital environment. Notably, the role of -colonized patients as a possible source of transmission has received attention. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of colonization. Findings from gut microbiota studies yield more insights into determinants that are important for acquiring or resisting colonization and progression to CDI. In discussions on the prevalence of colonization among populations and its associated risk factors, colonized patients at hospital admission merit more attention, as findings from the literature have pointed to their role in both health care-associated transmission of and a higher risk of progression to CDI once admitted. colonization among patients at admission may have clinical implications, although further research is needed to identify if interventions are beneficial for preventing transmission or overcoming progression to CDI.

Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

“…It is known that there is genetic overlap between human and animal sources of C. difficile (Knight and Riley ; Crobach et al . ; Rodriguez Diaz et al . ).…”

“…It is known that there is genetic overlap between human and animal sources of C. difficile (Knight and Riley 2016;Crobach et al 2018;Rodriguez Diaz et al 2018). In this study, 6 RTs that are known to be associated with human CDI were isolated from rodents; RT005, RT010, RT014, RT015, RT078 and RT087.…”

“…However, it is also described in patients who did not visit the hospital (Chernak et al 2005). CDI is an emerging disease, both in human patients and in animals used for food Balsells et al 2018;Crobach et al 2018;Rodriguez Diaz et al 2018). The bacterium C. difficile not only causes disease in humans, it is also able to cause enteric disease in several animal species, such as horses, piglets, calves and other domestic animals (B averud 2002;Rupnik 2007;Rupnik et al 2009;Kecerova et al 2019).…”

Environmental shedding of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile by asymptomatic carriers: A prospective observational study

“…The role of asymptomatic carriers in the transmission of C. difficile is not completely clear(12). Currently both European and American guidelines do not suggest the routine screening of asymptomatic patient or isolation of carriers (19,20).…”

Rodent-borne health risks in farming systems

“…However, it is also described in patients who did not visit the hospital (Chernak et al, 2005). CDI is an emerging disease, both in human patients and in animals used for food (Balsells et al, 2018;Crobach et al, 2018;Keessen, Gaastra, & Lipman, 2011;Rodriguez Diaz, Seyboldt, & Rupnik, 2018). The bacterium C. difficile not only causes disease in humans, it is also able to cause enteric disease in several animal species, such as horses, piglets, calves, and other domestic animals (Båverud, 2002;Kecerova, Cizek, Nyc, & Krutova, 2019;Rupnik, 2007;Rupnik, Wilcox, & Gerding, 2009).…”