Understanding Chemical Sensors and Chemical Sensor Arrays (Electronic Noses): Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

The use of sensor arrays, embodied in electronic noses, to characterize complex samples is an active and dynamic expression of research in chemical sensors. In this review, we emphasize sensors, instrumentation, and applications aspects of electronic nose technology. In addition, we have added to the existing historical description of electronic nose development, projected likely directions into the future, and evaluated research needs that are a prerequisite to eventual success of electronic nose technology.

Currently Commercially Available Chemical Sensors Employed for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Outdoor and Indoor Air

“…Operation of the lamp consists in excitation of the filling gas (most often krypton, xenon, radon) via the impact of external electromagnetic field. This type of sensor is most frequently applied for measurement of summary concentration of volatile organic compounds [39][40][41]. A scheme of the photoionization sensor is presented in Figure 7.…”

Quality Control of Olive Oils Using Machine Learning and Electronic Nose

“…E-nose has array of sensors to detect and recognize different odors with low cost [9]. E-nose is too beneficial for various applications such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and environmental disciplines [10].…”

Comparison of different feature reduction methods in the improvement of gas diagnosis of a temperature modulated resistive gas sensor

“…The question whether it's better to use more sensors or to develop a more sophisticated sensor has brought debates among researches who study on the machine olfaction. Although it's possible to increase the quality of analysis by adding more sensors or additional properties, it's not easy to answer the above question [3][4][5][6]. On the other hand, it's necessary to use combined sensors for the pattern of an electronic nose.…”