UNDERSTANDING CACO₃-Mg(OH)₂SCALE FORMATION: A SEMI-EMPIRICAL MINDO-FORCES STUDY OF CO₂-H₂O SYSTEM

Crystallization of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in the heat exchangers of once-through Multistage Flash (MSF-OT) desalination process

“…Although a good amount of studies were carried out on the experimental study of fouling only a handful of such studies focused on the modelling (or attempts to modelling) of fouling in MSF process [5][6][7]. Most of these models except [6,[8][9][10][11] have been developed and studied on their own but have not been a part of the MSF process models. Al-Rawajfeh, et al [8] studied the deposition of calcium carbonate in flash chambers in MSF-OT and MSF-BR processes by correlating the deposition of calcium carbonate to the released rate of carbon dioxide in a steady state model based on coupling of mass transfer with chemical reaction.…”

“…Most of these models except [6,[8][9][10][11] have been developed and studied on their own but have not been a part of the MSF process models. Al-Rawajfeh, et al [8] studied the deposition of calcium carbonate in flash chambers in MSF-OT and MSF-BR processes by correlating the deposition of calcium carbonate to the released rate of carbon dioxide in a steady state model based on coupling of mass transfer with chemical reaction. Al-Rawajfeh, et al [9] extended the work of Al-Rawajfeh, et al [8] to include deposition of calcium sulphate with calcium carbonate inside the tubes and flash chambers in MSF-OT and MSF-BR processes.…”

Influence of non-thermal plasma pre-treatment on the scaling characteristics of viscous oil wastewater during evaporation

“…Various ions in wastewater, such as Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , CO 3 2À , SO 4 2À and SiO 2 , combined with each other to form salts during evaporation, as shown by the following equations [25,27,28]:…”

CaCO3–CO2–H2O system in falling film on a bank of horizontal tubes: Model verification

“…2. For describing the carbonate system of the brine and the CO 2 release in the evaporator effects, the liquid film falling over the horizontal tubes is divided into volume elements (Fig. 2).…”

“…This is the net equation of the CaCO 3 -CO 2 -H 2 O system reactions in which the most important step is the rate determining step [2]:…”