Understanding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is classified using neoclassical systems such as the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 and the International Classification of Disease-10. There is significant evidence that pharmaceutical treatment, particularly stimulants, can reduce symptoms in the short term. Objective: To explore the comprehensive landscape of childhood to adulthood ADHD within the literature, which involves delving into its prevalence, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. Methods: A literature search was conducted across articles published in English between 2011 and 2023; the literature extensively explored the prevalence, etiology, risk factors and diagnosis of the subject, with limited attention given to treatment between 2003 and 2023, utilizing electronic search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, IndMED, and MedIND, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search terms included "ADHD," "Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder," "Hyperactivity," "Child Psychiatry," "Hyperkinetic Disorder," "Attention Deficit Disorder," and "Worldwide.” Results: Out of the 400 papers evaluated, only 52 met the criteria encompassing prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Conclusions: ADHD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder impacting individuals from childhood to adulthood, with varying prevalence rates globally. Methodological differences influence prevalence estimates, highlighting the need for standardized study designs. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development. Management typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, lifestyle adjustments, and medication. However, refined diagnostic criteria and tailored treatment guidelines for children and adults are necessary. Continuous evaluation of interventions is crucial for optimizing care and enhancing the well-being of individuals with ADHD.