Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.

Greenwald, Anthony G.; Nosek, Brian A.; Banaji, Mahzarin R.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197

Cited by 4,608 publications

(5,281 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The participants' bias towards an incomplete or complete body was measured by the response time and accuracy of categorizing the pictures with a positive concept relative to a negative concept. The IAT consisted of seven blocks (Greenwald et al, 2003),. All stimuli were displayed in the middle of a central white rectangle with the dimensions of 540 × 540 pixels (Fig.…”

Section: General Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

When less is more – Implicit preference for incomplete bodies in xenomelia

Macauda

Bekrater-Bodmann

Brugger

et al. 2017

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Individuals with xenomelia identify with an amputated rather than with their physically complete, healthy body. They often mimic amputees and show a strong admiration of and sexual attraction towards them. Here we investigated for the first time empirically whether such unusual preference for amputated bodies is present also on an implicit level. Using the well-validated Implicit Association Test we show that individuals with xenomelia manifested a stronger implicit and explicit preference for amputated bodies than a normally-limbed control group and a group of involuntary amputees did. Interestingly, the two latter groups did not differ in their implicit and explicit preference for complete versus amputated bodies. These findings are an important step in understanding how deeply rooted attitudes about a socially normative body appearance may be influenced by a developmentally disordered experience of one's own bodily self. We conclude that this is the first behavioral evidence demonstrating a conflict of self-identification on an implicit level and this enriches current understandings of xenomelia as a primarily neurological disorder. AbstractIndividuals with xenomelia identify with an amputated rather than with their physically complete, healthy body. They often mimic amputees and show a strong admiration of and sexual attraction towards them. Here we investigated for the first time empirically whether such unusual preference for amputated bodies is present also on an implicit level. Using the wellvalidated Implicit Association Test we show that individuals with xenomelia manifested a stronger implicit and explicit preference for amputated bodies stronger than a normally-limbed control group and a group of involuntary amputees did. Interestingly, the two latter groups did not differ in their implicit and explicit preference for complete versus amputated bodies. These findings are an important step in understanding how deeply rooted attitudes about a socially normative body appearance may be influenced by a developmentally disordered experience of one's own bodily self. We conclude that this first behavioral evidence to demonstrate a conflict of self-identification on an implicit level and this enriches current understandings of xenomelia as a primarily neurological disorder.

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Section: General Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

When less is more – Implicit preference for incomplete bodies in xenomelia

Macauda

Bekrater-Bodmann

Brugger

et al. 2017

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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“…Of completed surveys, 12 were excluded for being pediatric cardiologists, and 53 were excluded for having an invalid IAT score (based on high errors rates) 29. The characteristics of those included versus excluded for IAT errors were not statistically different (Table S1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher the D score, the higher the implicit gender bias of associating strength or risk taking with men more than women, with negative numbers indicating a reversal in bias. For descriptive purposes, IAT D scores were categorized into standard classifications (no, slight, medium, or high bias) 29. Break points for slight (D=0.15), medium (D=0.35), and high (D=0.65) were selected conservatively according to psychological conventions for effect size.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the IAT is a performance‐based measure, a high error rate (>30% of responses) indicates intentional inattention (eg, random responding) or misunderstanding task instructions. Based on standard practices in IAT research, participants with error rates >30% were excluded 29. Participants were informed before each IAT that if they made too many errors, the test would not provide results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists

Daugherty

Blair

Havranek

et al. 2017

JAHA

100

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BackgroundPhysicians' gender bias may contribute to gender disparities in cardiovascular testing. We used the Implicit Association Test to examine the association of implicit gender biases with decisions to use cardiovascular tests.Methods and ResultsIn 2014, cardiologists completed Implicit Association Tests and a clinical vignette with patient gender randomly assigned. The Implicit Association Tests measured implicit gender bias for the characteristics of strength and risk taking. The vignette represented an intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease regardless of patient gender: chest pain (part 1) followed by an abnormal exercise treadmill test (part 2). Cardiologists rated the likelihood of coronary artery disease and the usefulness of stress testing and angiography for the assigned patient. Of the 503 respondents (9.3% of eligible; 87% male, median age of 45 years, 58% in private practice), the majority associated strength or risk taking implicitly with male more than female patients. The estimated likelihood of coronary artery disease for both parts of the vignette was similar by patient gender. The utility of secondary stress testing after an abnormal exercise treadmill test was rated as “high” more often for female than male patients (32.8% versus 24.3%, P=0.04); this difference did not vary with implicit bias. Angiography was more consistently rated as having “high” utility for male versus female patients (part 1: 19.7% versus 9.8%; part 2: 73.7% versus 64.3%; P<0.05 for both); this difference was larger for cardiologists with higher implicit gender bias on risk taking (P=0.01).ConclusionsCardiologists have varying degrees of implicit gender bias. This bias explained some, but not all, of the gender variability in simulated clinical decision‐making for suspected coronary artery disease.

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“…The D transformation serves to minimize the impact of individual variability relating to extraneous variables such as age, cognitive ability, and/or motor skills, offering a cleaner response-latency paradigm measurement [38]. To facilitate interpretation of the results and comparability of evaluative responses toward self vs. others, the computed D-IRAP 'others are' trial scores were reverse-scored prior to statistical analysis.…”

Section: Irap Data Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Purpose: Self-esteem (SE), or one's sense of competence and worth, is reduced in many mental and physical\ud disorders. Low SE is associated with perceived stigma and disability and poor treatment outcomes. The present\ud study examined implicit and explicit SE (automatic and deliberate views about the self) in people with epilepsy\ud and people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE\ud have been found to correlate with psychological distress in disorders often associated with PNESs but are\ud relatively unexplored in PNESs. We hypothesized that, compared with epilepsy, PNESs would be associated\ud with lower self-reported SE and greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE.\ud Methods: Thirty adults with PNESs, 25 adults with epilepsy, and 31 controls without a history of seizures were\ud asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale as a measure of explicit SE and an Implicit Relational\ud Assessment Procedure as a measure of implicit SE. The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Patient Health\ud Questionnaire—15 (a somatic symptom inventory) were also administered.\ud Results: We found significant group differences in explicit (p b 0.001) but not implicit SE. Patients with PNESs\ud reported lower SE than the other groups. No group differences were found in implicit SE. Implicit–explicit SE\ud discrepancies were larger in the group with PNESs than in the other groups (p b 0.001). Higher frequency of\ud PNESs (but not epileptic seizures) was associatedwith lower explicit SE (rs=−.83, p b 0.01) and greater SE discrepancies\ud (i.e., lower explicit relative to implicit SE; rs = .65, p b 0.01). These relationships remained significant\ud when controlling for anxiety and somatization.\ud Conclusion: Patients with PNESs had lower explicit SE than those with epilepsy or healthy controls. In keeping\ud with our expectations, there were greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE among patients\ud with PNESs than in the other groups. Our results, including the strong relationship between PNES frequency,\ud anxiety, and explicit–implicit SE discrepancies, support the interpretation that PNESs serve to reduce cognitive\ud dissonance, perhaps protecting patients' implicit SE

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Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.

Cited by 4,608 publications

References 32 publications

When less is more – Implicit preference for incomplete bodies in xenomelia

When less is more – Implicit preference for incomplete bodies in xenomelia

Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

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