Understanding and increasing soybean yields

Roekel, Ryan J. Van; Purcell, Larry C.

doi:10.31274/icm-180809-195

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…A transcription factor identified in the region of the QTL CSp09 was found in Arabidopsis to be associated with ovule development ( Wei et al, 2015 ). A higher number of seeds per pod should result in higher grain yield as have been reported in soybean ( Van roekel and Purcell, 2016 ), peanut ( Songsri et al, 2009 ), and rapeseed ( Yang et al, 2016 ). Hence, the generally small seed size of the wild cowpea relatives notwithstanding, they are capable of contributing to higher grain yield in cultivated cowpea through an increase in the number of seeds in each pod, i.e., increasing the number of ovaries per pod.…”

Section: Exploring the Diversity And Potential Of Cwrs For Introgressmentioning

confidence: 61%

Introgression Breeding in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

et al. 2020

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The narrow base of genetic diversity characteristic of cowpea can be attributed to it being self-pollinating, evolving from narrow wild germplasm and exhibiting very limited gene flow between wild and cultivated types. Backcrossing to introduce simply inherited desirable traits and utilization of improved breeding lines and varieties as parents in crossing programs further narrowed the genetic base of cowpea varieties. In most cowpea breeding programs, genes for resistance and market traits were pyramided into lines characterized by high levels of acceptance to farmers and consumers. Besides predisposing widely distributed improved varieties to genetic vulnerability, a narrow base of genetic variation may be contributing to the plateauing in cowpea grain yield, which compromises genetic gains. Cross compatible wild relatives have not been used in variety development because breeders shy away from them due to their tiny seed size, unattractive seed coat color and texture, pod shattering, and susceptibility to viruses. A number of wild cowpea relatives, both within and outside section Catiang of Vigna species, have been evaluated for their reaction to cowpea insect pests and diseases. Vigna vexillata lines were resistant to the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), and Striga gesnerioides but are cross incompatible with cultivated cowpea. Some lines among the cross compatible wild relative V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana were found to be resistant to aphid in the seedling stage, while others showed good levels of drought and heat tolerance. Molecular markers are being generated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on some desirable attributes in cowpea. Modern breeding tools, including transgenics, can be applied for the improvement of cowpea, bypassing the natural barriers of traditional breeding. Transgenic cowpea with Bt gene cry1Ab showing resistance to M. vitrata has been released in Nigeria. Genome editing, a powerful emerging tool, can also be used for developing improved cowpea varieties with durable resistance to pests and diseases.

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Section: Exploring the Diversity And Potential Of Cwrs For Introgressmentioning

confidence: 61%

Introgression Breeding in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

et al. 2020

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“…Leaf chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchange intensity directly determine the photosynthetic characteristics of plants [43]. Photosynthetic characteristics of plants are mainly affected by changes in soil environment, moisture and nutrients [44]. Some studies have shown that biochar has the potential of improving the photosynthetic capacity of crop leaves [45,46].…”

Section: Effect Of Biochar On Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Parameters Of Tomatomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Response of Nutrient Uptake, Photosynthesis and Yield of Tomato to Biochar Addition under Reduced Nitrogen Application

Guo

Kharbach

et al. 2021

Agronomy

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Tomato is an important economic crop that is widely consumed worldwide. Tomato production is mainly limited by the use of nitrogen fertilizer, sunlight, soil and water conditions. Biochar is one of the soil amendments, and it is recognized as a promising practice for improving crop production in agriculture. The effect of biochar on the photosynthetic traits and tomato yield under reduced nitrogen fertilizer application is still not well understood. The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of biochar application on the photosynthesis and yield of tomato under reduced nitrogen fertilizer application from the perspectives of the nutrient uptake of plants (nitrogen and phosphorus), leaf photosynthetic pigment and leaf gas exchange parameters. Two-year greenhouse experiments containing six biochar levels (0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 t ha−1) and two nitrogen fertilizer application rates (190 and 250 kg ha−1) were conducted. Compared with C0, C50 significantly improved the nitrogen uptake (74–80%) and phosphorus uptake (76–95%) by tomato plants and further enhanced the photosynthetic traits of tomato leaves (net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and chlorophyll (2–60%), which lead to the highest gains in tomato yield (more than 50%) even when the applied nitrogen fertilizer was significantly reduced (from 250 kg ha−1 to 190 kg ha−1). The photosynthesis rate had a linear correlation with the total nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and tomato yield. The results will enhance our understandings about the effect of biochar on the photosynthesis and yield of tomato and be of importance for practical agricultural management.

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“…Moreover, the number of pods per plant seems to be the yield component that is most strongly affected by drought stress, which ultimately reduces the final seed yield depending on the duration and intensity of the stress period ( Shaw and Laing, 1966 ; Doss et al, 1974 ). By contrast, the number of seeds per pod and seed size appear to be more stable and genetically controlled yield components ( Shaw and Laing, 1966 ; Van Roekel and Purcell, 2016 ) which are relatively insensitive to drought stress conditions ( Momen et al, 1979 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Water Deficit and Fertilizer Placement Effects on Root Biomass Distribution, Soil Water Extraction, Water Use, Yield, and Yield Components of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Grown in 1-m Rooting Columns

Gebre

Earl

2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Typical small-pot culture systems are not ideal for controlled environment phenotyping for drought tolerance, especially for root-related traits. We grew soybean plants in a greenhouse in 1-m rooting columns filled with amended field soil to test the effects of drought stress on water use, root growth, shoot growth, and yield components. There were three watering treatments, beginning at first flower: watered daily to 100% of the maximum soil water holding capacity (control), 75% (mild drought stress), or 50% (drought stress). We also tested whether applying fertilizer throughout the 1-m soil depth instead of only in the top 30 cm would modify root distribution by depth in the soil profile and thereby affect responses to drought stress. Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depth altered the root biomass distribution and volumetric soil water content profile at first flower, but these effects did not persist to maturity and thus did not enhance drought tolerance. Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%. Effects of the 75% watering treatment were intermittent between the 50 and 100%. The 50% treatment significantly increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%, harvest index by 17%, and water-use efficiency by 7%. Seed size was not affected by either fertilizer or watering treatments. More than 65% of the total root dry matter was distributed in the upper 20 cm of the profile in all watering treatments. However, the two drought stress treatments, especially the mild drought stress, had a greater proportion of root dry matter located in the deeper soil layers. The overall coefficient of variation for seed yield was low at 5.3%, suggesting good repeatability of the treatments. Drought stress imposed in this culture system affected yield components similarly to what is observed in the field, with pod number being the component most strongly affected. This system should be useful for identifying variation among soybean lines for a wide variety of traits related to drought tolerance.

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Understanding and increasing soybean yields

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Introgression Breeding in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

Introgression Breeding in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

The Response of Nutrient Uptake, Photosynthesis and Yield of Tomato to Biochar Addition under Reduced Nitrogen Application

Soil Water Deficit and Fertilizer Placement Effects on Root Biomass Distribution, Soil Water Extraction, Water Use, Yield, and Yield Components of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Grown in 1-m Rooting Columns

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