Understanding and Fabrication of 20% Efficient Cells Using Spin-on-Based Simultaneous Diffusion and Dielectric Passivation

A bibliometric review of grid parity, energy transition and electricity cost research for sustainable development

“…The fabricated cells have an efficiency ranging from 18.5% to 19.7% for 62cm2 and 4cm2 cells. The authors improved the efficiency of 4cm2 cells to 20% using screen-printing technology and Ultra Violet (UV) laser for rear dielectric removal [ 90 , 91 ]. The streamlined ion-implantation process also improved the efficiency from 18.3 to 19.1% [ 92 ].…”

“… Countries FIT Start FIT End FIT details References Brazil 2002 2010 They used FIT only for the First half of the 2000s and transitioned into an auction system [ 91 , 92 ] Ecuador 2000 Still in force The FIT policy was revised in 2002,2004,2006,2013,2014 [ [91] , [92] , [93] , [94] , [95] ] Nicaragua 2005 Still in force Still in effect [ 91 , 92 ] Argentina 2006 Still in force FIT is still in effect. However, other schemes like the Net Billing scheme was introduced by law in 2017 [ 91 , 92 ] [ 96 , 97 ], Peru 2010 Still in force FIT is for only off-grid applications [ 91 , 92 ] Thailand 2013 Still in force The FIT policy took over from the Adder program launched in 2007 [ 98 , 99 ] Uganda 2007 Still in force The FIT adoption consists of three phases starting in 2007 [ 98 ] …”

Dielectric Charge Tailoring in PECVD SiO<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_x$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/SiN <inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_x$</tex-math> </inline-formula> Stacks and Application at the Rear of Al Local Back Surface Field Si Wafer Solar Cells

“…This firing process ensures the formation of good ohmic contact at the front and rear surfaces and forms localized BSF regions (for Al-LBSF cells) , and it activates the surface passivation. A schematic structure of Al-LBSF cells is shown in [2], [3], [7], and [10]. Fig.…”

“…Hence, it was demonstrated back then that the positive charge in the rear dielectric film does not detrimentally affect the Al-LBSF solar cell efficiency when a local BSF exists underneath the metal contacts. In fact, from 2-D simulation and experiments it seems that a higher positive insulator charge density can even improve the efficiency of Al-LBSF cells, by improving the short-circuit current density J sc [6], [7]. In contrast, it is often mentioned that SiN x can lead to compromised solar cell efficiency when applied on the rear of p-type Si solar cells with local rear contacts; see, e.g., [8].…”

Fabrication of silicon solar cell with >18% efficiency using spin-on-film processing for phosphorus diffusion and SiO2/graded index TiO2 anti-reflective coating

“…ARCs films are generally applied using vacuum processes, such as thermal evaporation, reactive sputtering, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, but little reported on using SOF for ARC [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The proposed SOF fabrication method is relatively inexpensive and highly scalable for large volume batch processing, making it a strong candidate for the further development of solar cells [31].…”