Understanding and distinguishing reflectance measurements of solid bitumen and vitrinite using hydrous pyrolysis: Implications to petroleum assessment

Hackley, Paul C.; Lewan, Michael D.

doi:10.1306/08291717097

Cited by 72 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…It is however not a secondary maceral resulting from the thermal cracking of kerogen and hence is not, by definition, considered a solid bitumen. This type of "pseudo" solid bitumen is frequently reported in immature (Ro < 0.5%) carbonaceous shales and fine siltstones [9][10][11]30,31 and is derived from biodegradation and low-temperature alteration of bituminite/amorphinite in the diagenesis stage (Ro < 0.5%; in Lewan's 12 "pre-oil generation" window) ( Table 1; Fig. 1).…”

Section: Diagenetic Solid Bitumen (Degraded Bituminite)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis of solid bitumen

Sanei

2020

Sci Rep

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This paper presents a new schematic model for generation and timing of multiple phases of solid bitumen throughout the continuum of organic matter maturation in source and tight reservoir rocks. Five distinct stages in the evolution of solid bitumen are proposed: (1) diagenetic solid bitumen (or degraded bituminite), which is not a secondary maceral resulting from the thermal cracking of kerogen. Instead it is derived from degradation of bituminite in the diagenesis stage (Ro < 0.5%); (2) initial-oil solid bitumen, is a consolidated form of early catagenetically generated bitumen at the incipient oil window (Ro ~ 0.5–0.7%); (3) primary-oil solid bitumen is derived from thermally generated bitumen and crude oil in the primary oil window (Ro ~ 0.7–1.0%); (4) late-oil solid bitumen (solid-wax) is derived from the waxy bitumen separated from the mature paraffinic heavy oil in the primary- and late-oil windows; and (5) pyrobitumen, which is mainly a non-generative solid bitumen, is evolved from thermal cracking of the remaining hydrocarbon residue and other types of solid bitumen in the dry gas window and higher temperature (Ro > 1.4%). This model shows concurrence of multi-populations solid bitumen with oil, bitumen, and other phases of fluid hydrocarbon residue during most of the maturity continuum.

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Section: Diagenetic Solid Bitumen (Degraded Bituminite)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis of solid bitumen

Sanei

2020

Sci Rep

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“…% TOC), which is of low thermal maturity (%BRo ~ 0.6, solid bitumen reflectance). The BRo values are used here as a proxy for thermal maturity which are equivalent to or slightly less than the VRo at this thermal maturity (Wei et al, 2016;Hackley and Lewan, 2018). The gray shale is intensively bioturbated and contains poorly preserved brachiopods and bivalves.…”

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of wildfires and elevated atmospheric oxygen at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary in New York (USA): Implications for the Late Devonian mass extinction

et al. 2020

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The Devonian Period experienced significant fluctuations of atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels (∼25−13%), for which the extent and timing are debated. Also characteristic of the Devonian Period, at the Frasnian−Famennian (F−F) boundary, is one of the “big five” mass extinction events of the Phanerozoic. Fossilized charcoal (inertinite) provides a record of wildfire events, which in turn can provide insight into the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems and the atmospheric composition. Here, we report organic petrology, programmed pyrolysis analysis, major and trace element analyses, and initial osmium isotope (Osi) stratigraphy from five sections of Upper Devonian (F−F interval) from western New York, USA. These data are discussed to infer evidence of a wildfire event at the F−F boundary. Based on the evidence for a wildfire at the F−F boundary we also provide an estimate of atmospheric O2 levels of ∼23−25% at this interval, which is in agreement with the models that predict elevated pO2 levels during the Late Devonian. This, coupled with our Os isotope records, support the currently published Osi data that lacks any evidence for an extra-terrestrial impact or volcanic event at the F−F interval, and therefore to act as a trigger for the F−F mass extinction. The elevated O2 level at the F−F interval inferred from this study supports the hypothesis that pCO2 drawdown and associated climate cooling may have acted as a driving mechanism of the F−F mass extinction.

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“…Hackley et al (2013) interpret this as the result of inclusion of solid bitumen in analysis as well as vitrinite. Hackley and Lewan (2018) go further and assert that known issues with vitrinite reflectance in pre-Palaeozoic sediments maybe the result of such mistaken identity. Irrespective of the cause, care in interpretation is often required and calibration against other techniques is an obvious test to ensure robust interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Raman spectroscopy: an effective thermal marker in low temperature carbonaceous fold–thrust belts

Muirhead

Bond

Watkins

et al. 2019

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Raman spectroscopy allows thermal maturation of carbonaceous sediments to be determined. The technique has been employed on metamorphic samples exceeding temperatures of 270 ○ C, but recently has been shown to be effective at lower temperatures. Thermal maturation techniques commonly depend on sample size, have varying efficacies at different temperatures and in different conditions. The underlying processes are not well understood, thus data interpretation can be ambiguous. Here we show the efficacy of Raman as a low temperature thermal marker in a thrust belt. The Bornes region, French subalpine chain provides an opportunity to test the technique against published vitrinite reflectance data and thermal modelling for the first time. In doing so we show that Raman is an effective thermal marker to temperatures as low as 75 ○ C, has a small error and is consistent with previous work. The Raman data allows us to postulate the relative thickness of the sedimentary succession across the chain, timing of thermal maturation and timing and thickness variations of the over-thrust Prealpine nappe. The work establishes Raman as a low temperature thermal marker for correlation with other techniques to ensure effective and robust interpretation, that can readily be applied to fold-thrust belts in hydrocarbon provinces.

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Understanding and distinguishing reflectance measurements of solid bitumen and vitrinite using hydrous pyrolysis: Implications to petroleum assessment

Cited by 72 publications

References 94 publications

Genesis of solid bitumen

Genesis of solid bitumen

Evidence of wildfires and elevated atmospheric oxygen at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary in New York (USA): Implications for the Late Devonian mass extinction

Raman spectroscopy: an effective thermal marker in low temperature carbonaceous fold–thrust belts

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