Understanding and Controlling Mode Hybridization in Multicavity Optical Resonators Using Quantum Theory and the Surface Forces Apparatus

Zappone, Bruno; Caligiuri, Vincenzo; Patra, Aniket; Krahne, Roman; Luca, Antonio De

doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01055

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A surface force apparatus (SFA) Mark III by Surforce LLC, USA was used in the experiments. , One of the Ag-coated cylindrical lenses was fixed on a rigid support, whereas the other one was attached to the free end of a double cantilever spring. The surfaces of the lenses were sufficiently far apart from each other to avoid any mechanical interaction and moved freely in contact with a 40 μL droplet of a PVP-ethanol solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to determine the in-plane dispersion as a function of k || (i.e., with respect to the incidence angle θ i ), whereas the out-of-plane dispersion was determined as a function of the cavity thickness t D under normal incidence. The latter measurement were performed with a surface forces apparatus (SFA), which is an instrument originally designed to quantify surface forces at the nanoscale, and was recently adapted to vary the dielectric thickness of MDM cavities from the micrometer scale down to a few nanometers . The SFA experiments highlighted the collective nature of strong coupling as a dependence of the Rabi splitting on the number of photons in the cavity, an effect that is often overshadowed by the dependence on the number of emitters.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In eq , the phase shift ϕ due to reflection at the dielectric–metal interface varies slowly with the wavelength and, therefore, the resonance wavelength λ q increases with t D following an approximately linear dependence . Since t D increases parabolically with r (eq ), the resonance fringe of order q , i.e., λ q ( r ), presents a parabolic shape.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the cavity dielectric layer was a solution of PVP in ethanol, either pristine or doped with R6G molecules. The SFA technique is described in ref and applications to multiple-beam interference and photonics can be found in ref . The fluid was confined between two cylindrical lenses with radius R = 2 cm, coated with a 30 nm Ag layer, facing each other at a distance d apart with their cylinder axes crossed at 90° (Figures a and b).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The latter measurement were performed with a surface forces apparatus (SFA), which is an instrument originally designed to quantify surface forces at the nanoscale, and was recently adapted to vary the dielectric thickness of MDM cavities from the micrometer scale down to a few nanometers. 24 The SFA experiments highlighted the collective nature of strong coupling as a dependence of the Rabi splitting on the number of photons in the cavity, an effect that is often overshadowed by the dependence on the number of emitters. We first consider the interaction between the optical transitions of R6G molecules and ENZ cavity modes as a function of the parallel wavevector component k || .…”

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In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Investigation of Resonant Tunneling Polaritons in Metal–Dielectric–Metal Cavities

et al. 2023

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Polaritons can be generated by tuning the optical transitions of a light emitter to the resonances of a photonic cavity. We show that a dye-doped cavity generates resonant tunneling polaritons with Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) effective permittivity. We studied the polariton spectral dispersion in dye-doped metaldielectric-metal (MDM) cavities as a function of the in-plane (k || ) and out-of-plane (k ⊥ ) components of the incident wavevector. The dependence on k || was investigated through ellipsometry, revealing the ENZ modes. The k ⊥ dependence was measured by varying the cavity thickness under normal incidence using a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA). Both methods revealed a large Rabi splitting well exceeding 100 meV. The SFA-based investigation highlighted the collective nature of strong coupling by producing a splitting proportional to the square root of the involved photons. This study demonstrates the possibility of generating ENZ polaritons and introduces the SFA as a powerful tool for the characterization of strong light−matter interactions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Investigation of Resonant Tunneling Polaritons in Metal–Dielectric–Metal Cavities

et al. 2023

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High Symmetry Metal‐Dielectric Photonic Crystal Organic Light Emitting Diodes With Single‐Cavity Unit Cells

Allemeier

Sobolew

Magnifico

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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the optical transparency of their constituents. The optical response of such dielectric photonic crystals (DPCs) is governed by the interference of partial reflections at the dielectric interfaces. [3] Metal-dielectric photonic crystals (MDPCs) are a class of hybrid photonic structures that incorporate both metals and dielectrics in their periodicity and exhibit unique properties owing to the complex permittivity of the metallic layers. We have previously demonstrated control of these principles by examining the behavior of electricallypumped, discrete MDPCs consisting of multiple stacked organic light emitting diode (OLED) microcavities. [4] The optically dissimilar metal electrodes in that work led to a broadening of the photonic states and a Peierls photonic bandgap due to the doubled unit cell. Here, we investigate methods for eliminating this effect by forming higher-symmetry single-cavity unit cell (unitary) MDPCs without employing identical metals in the interest of enabling efficient charge injection.The optical behavior of an MDPC is driven primarily by the resonant response of the constituent microcavities. [5][6][7] The resonant states of metallic microcavities undergo hybridization through interaction with adjacent cavities, facilitated by photon tunneling through the semi-transparent mirrors as illustrated in Figure 1. [8,9] This process is analogous to the formation of energy bands in atomic crystals, molecules, and coupled mechanical and optical resonators. [10][11][12] Indeed, this same effect can be observed in coupled Bragg microcavities which employ dielectric mirrors. [13][14][15] The Bragg microcavity produces states with narrower linewidth compared to the metallic microcavity at the cost of occupying roughly an order of magnitude more physical space, as illustrated in Figure 1a. An MDPC of the same size as a single Bragg microcavity offers a rich photonic band structure. This band structure can equivalently be described as a perturbative effect on the states defined by the outermost mirrors which represent the boundaries of the crystal, as illustrated in Figure 1b. The hybridization and perturbation models both lead to the observation that when two cavities are stacked the single cavity mode splits into a higher and lower energy mode, as in Figure 1c, with each additional cavity contributing another state to the band. [4,6,13,14,16] The properties of the photonic band depend sensitively on the optical properties of the metallic mirrors through the Vertically-stacked organic light emitting diode (OLED) microcavities form 1D metal-dielectric photonic crystals (MDPC) with many degrees of freedom for engineering complex emission profiles. The photonic band structure of the MDPC OLED is determined by the underlying unit cell and is particularly sensitive to the properties of the metallic electrodes. The electronic requirements of microcavity OLED fabrication often necessitate dissimilar metallic electrodes to achieve good performance. This can profoundly impact the photonic properties of a MDPC b...

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Design and Polarization Control of the Modal Splitting in Hybrid Anisotropic Nanocavities

Patra

Pothuraju

et al. 2023

Advanced Optical Materials

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MDM architectures can be easily fabricated through physical vapor deposition processes, which makes them attractive for light confinement and waveguiding applications. [1] Depending on the thicknesses of the individual layers, MDMs can be used as color filters, [2] super absorbers, [3] negative index materials, [4] and for highresolution color generation. [5] By carefully choosing the materials and thicknesses of the metal and insulator layers, the cavity resonance frequency can be tuned over a broad spectral range. [1] The properties of such ultrathin cavities enable several interesting applications in nonlinear optics and nano-optical circuits, [6] including Purcell effect enhancement. [7] The straightforward fabrication process of MDM structures makes it possible to design multilayered configurations, in which two or more MDM cavities are stacked on top of each other. This results in strong coupling of the resonant modes, provided that the connecting metallic layers are sufficiently thin and possess an adequate refractive index. Such strongly interacting optical cavities are highly interesting systems from both a fundamental and an applied point of view. [8,9] The strong coupling dynamics between optical cavities have been recently described in the framework of a quantum mechanics-classic electromagnetism analogy, [10] highlighting their use as an experimental demonstration to observe the The strong coupling of optical resonators results in a mode splitting proportional to the coupling strength, which can be achieved with metal-dielectricmetal (MDM) cavities that have similar thickness and refractive index. However, an active control of the mode coupling is challenging. Here, an alternative configuration of an MDM cavity coupled with a Guided-Mode-Resonator (GMR) is explored. The GMR grating is fabricated on top of the MDM cavity, such that the coupling can be tuned by the thickness of the central metal. The typical modal anti-crossing (with a splitting of ≈50-65 meV) detected in the angular dispersion of the GMR-MDM is observed. Excellent agreement of the experimental reflectance with simulations allows to report the angular dispersion from −50° to 50°. The anisotropy of the GMR modes enables to switch in and out of the strong coupling by changing the polarization of the incident light. Moreover, the asymmetry of the GMR-MDM architecture induces a side-dependent response. The MDM cavity is only transparent at its resonances, which leads to a suppression of all modes outside the resonance bands when impinging from the MDM side. These features are highly interesting for optoelectronic applications such as optical switches and multi-level optical multiplexing.

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Understanding and Controlling Mode Hybridization in Multicavity Optical Resonators Using Quantum Theory and the Surface Forces Apparatus

Cited by 10 publications

References 49 publications

In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Investigation of Resonant Tunneling Polaritons in Metal–Dielectric–Metal Cavities

In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Investigation of Resonant Tunneling Polaritons in Metal–Dielectric–Metal Cavities

High Symmetry Metal‐Dielectric Photonic Crystal Organic Light Emitting Diodes With Single‐Cavity Unit Cells

Design and Polarization Control of the Modal Splitting in Hybrid Anisotropic Nanocavities

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