Understanding a submarine eruption through time series hydrothermal plume sampling of dissolved and particulate constituents: <scp>W</scp>est <scp>M</scp>ata, 2008–2012

Baumberger, Tamara; Lilley, Marvin D.; Resing, J. A.; Lupton, J. E.; Baker, Edward T.; Butterfield, D. A.; Olson, E. J.; Früh-Green, Gretchen L.

doi:10.1002/2014gc005460

Cited by 27 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Comparisons of plume chemistry concentrations with those reported from other arc and near‐arc volcanoes are useful in assessing the chemistry and magmatic‐hydrothermal state of Ahyi. Specifically, we compare Ahyi to: NW Rota‐1 (Resing et al, ), a shallow (∼500 m summit depth) actively erupting volcano in the Southern Marianas; West Mata (Baumberger et al, ), a deeper (1,165 m) actively erupting volcano close to the Tonga arc in the NE Lau Basin; and three volcanoes in the Northern Marianas that are in an early stage of posteruptive evolution—Nikko (400 m), Daikoku (325 m), and Kasuga‐2 (400 m) (Resing et al, ; Table ). The vent fluids at these volcanoes are characterized by increased concentrations of the magmatic volatiles 3 He, SO 2 , and CO 2 (e.g., Butterfield et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further evidence that Ahyi is in the early stage of posteruptive evolution can be found by examining the dissolved gasses, H 2 , CH 4 , and 3 He. H 2 in hydrothermal systems is produced by reactions between seawater or magmatic water and extremely hot rocks (Baumberger et al, ); it is a diagnostic of eruptive activity and has a residence time of only several hours once vented (McLaughlin‐West et al, ). In contrast, 3 He is primordial in origin and its presence in hydrothermal fluids indicates input of magmatic gasses from the mantle (Craig & Lupton, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Fluxes From a Recently Erupted Shallow Submarine Volcano on the Mariana Arc

Buck

Baker

2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Hydrothermal discharge from submarine arc volcanoes is thought to be an important contributor to global hydrothermal budgets, but quantitative flux measurements are scarce. Ahyi Seamount, a shallow (<100 m) submarine intraoceanic arc volcano located in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, erupted in May 2014. In May and December 2014, we sampled the hydrothermal plume created by the eruption and estimated chemical fluxes from Ahyi by combining shipboard hull‐mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profile current vector measurements with continuous and discrete Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) data. Towed CTD sections were conducted perpendicular to the mean current direction: a sampling strategy that optimized chemical flux calculations by reducing complexities introduced by temporal variability in the speed and direction of plume dispersion. The Ahyi plume had an elevated optical backscatter signal accompanied by evidence of reduced chemical species and a lowered pH. We found enriched concentrations of H2, 3He, CH4, particulate S, Mn, and Fe, observations consistent with a highly active hydrothermal system. The fluxes of magmatic 3He and Fe from Ahyi were similar to that measured at three slow‐spreading ridge‐crest sites, whereas CH4 and Mn were 100–1,000 times lower. This is the first study to constrain export fluxes of a shallow submarine arc volcano into the euphotic zone. However, our data were collected soon after an eruption and thus may not be fully representative of the longer‐term chemical inputs from Ahyi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Fluxes From a Recently Erupted Shallow Submarine Volcano on the Mariana Arc

Buck

Baker

2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Elemental hydrogen (H 2 ) was at regional background levels in 2012 compared to a record (for submarine hydrothermal systems) high of 15 lM in 2008 [Resing et al, 2011;Baumberger et al, 2014] (Figure 11d). This was a very significant change because an elevated level of elemental hydrogen is unique to magma/ seawater interaction [Sansone et al, 1991;Lilley et al, 2003].…”

Section: Water Column Anomaliesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996-2012

Embley

Merle

Baker

et al. 2014

Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.

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We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996-2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano's WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at 2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996-2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.

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“…This is particularly important for Fe since "episodes" of hydrothermal discharge may dominate time-averaged biogeochemical fluxes (Pester et al, 2014). This issue has been generally addressed by examining the chemistry of hydrothermal vents and suspended plume particles overlying hydrothermal fields over repeated periods of time (Baker, 1994;Breier et al, 2012;Baumberger et al, 2014) and through study of the metalliferous sediments deposited beneath dispersing hydrothermal plumes (Mills and Elderfield, 1995;Cave et al, 2002). Another and more direct approach involves the use of sediment traps to measure in situ hydrothermal fluxes over the time frame of weeks to months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9°50′N

et al. 2016

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While gross hydrothermal fluxes entering the ocean are known to be significant, much remains unknown about the fate of this material as it disperses through the oceans, and its impact upon ocean biogeochemistry. Mineral precipitation within hydrothermal plumes removes hydrothermally-sourced metals from solution and also acts to scavenge trace elements from the surrounding water column. Here, we investigate the fate of particulate Fe released from high-temperature hydrothermal venting at EPR 9°50'N and its potential impact on local deep-ocean Fe-isotopic and geochemical budgets. We measured the geochemical composition, mineralogy and Fe isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume products in order to determine whether mineral precipitation imposes characteristic Fe-isotope "fingerprints" for hydrothermally sourced Fe in the deep ocean. Our sampling includes sediment trap deployments after the eruptive event of Jan. 2006, allowing the examination of temporal changes of hydrothermal fluxes over a 160 day period. Results show that Fe isotope composition in the high-temperature vent fluids is rather constant over the sampling period 2004-2008, and that secular variations of δ 56 Fe values of plume particles from-0.03 to-0.91‰ (relative to IRMM-14 standard) could be explained by local processes leading to variable mixing extents of hydrothermal, biogenic and lithogenic particles. Through geochemical modeling, we have calculated the relative abundances of hydrothermal plume components such as sulfides, Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, biogenic and lithogenic phases. We demonstrate that Fe isotope fractionation in the hydrothermal plume occurs during the formation and rapid settling of Fe-sulfides that are characterized by δ 56 Fe values ranging from-0.73 ± 0.13‰ to-0.86± 0.13‰, which is systematically lower than the endmember hydrothermal fluids (δ 56 Fe =-0.4‰). This study suggests that both the initial Fe isotope composition of the high-temperature vent fluids and its initial Fe/H 2 S ratio (i.e. Fesulfide precipitation versus Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation) should impose characteristic Fe isotope "fingerprints" for hydrothermally derived Fe in the deep ocean.

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Understanding a submarine eruption through time series hydrothermal plume sampling of dissolved and particulate constituents: West Mata, 2008–2012

Cited by 27 publications

References 59 publications

Chemical Fluxes From a Recently Erupted Shallow Submarine Volcano on the Mariana Arc

Chemical Fluxes From a Recently Erupted Shallow Submarine Volcano on the Mariana Arc

Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996-2012

Geochemistry and iron isotope systematics of hydrothermal plume fall-out at East Pacific Rise 9°50′N

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