Underlying dimensions of personal background data and their relationship to occupational classification.

Baehr, Melany E.; Williams, Glenn B.

doi:10.1037/h0025169

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…(Cf. Baehr and Williams, 1967.) The norm seem to have been that each investigator has used a few life history questions either because they had been used previously or because there was some "common sense"…”

Section: Roland Radloff Naval Medical Research Institutementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These sources range from biographies and the child development literature to an examination of specific questions on existing instruments. Two major influences guiding the selection of areas to be covered were: A Catalog of Life History Items (Owens, et al, 1966) and a factor analysic study of the dimensions of personal background data (Baehr and Williams, 1967).…”

Section: '53mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The TEKTITE II Human Behavior Program

Helmreich¹

1971

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The habitst provides a relatively stable and constant environment. Unlike many field situations, all subjects could be observed under the same living conditions. This enable* statistical comparison across individuals and across team.3. The design of the habitat provides excellent audio and video coverage. Observers couid monitor almost all in-habitat activity.4. An ertensive battery of psychological data could be obtained on each Aquanaut prior to his miseion--an tmusual situation in field research. 5.The nAtural situation provided excellent objective criteria of performance ad vdJustment. These variables fora the criteria for prediction of individual reactions and the study of trends in behavior over time. Between four and six * thousand observations (depending on mission length) were taken on each of the criterion variables on each Aquanaut.Offsetting some of the desirable characteristics noted above are several disadvantages. The number of subjects (48) and missions (10) is relati ely small. A larger sample with more replications would give broader and more stable data. HUMAN BEHAVIOR PROGRAM page 3The TEKTITE habitat was fairly shallow and was located in warm, clear water; as a result, the stress levels were less extreme than those found in projects such as SEALAB II and III. The shallow depth also made it more difficult to maintain isolation. A larger sample of female Aquanauts and mized crews would have enabled better evaluation of the obtained results. Only additional research will show how veil the findings based on this sample of volunteer scientists and engineers will generalize to other situations and populations.Overall, however, the advantages clearly seem to outveigh the limitations of such research and the methodology developed should be applicable to many settings.Scope of the Report. Time and space limitations make it impossible to present more than a fraction of the data in this report. The concentrations here will be on a general description of some of the major findings. The areas to be emphasized will be (1) overall behavior in the habitat, (2) team and individual differences in reactions, (3) trends in behavior over time, (4) cr'ew composition and (5) prediction of behavior.Topics for Subsequent Analysis. It may be useful to list here aspects of the data which will be the subject of later analyses and will be reported in more detailed technical reports. II. Methodology James H. LeFan and Robert HelmreichThe University of Texas at AustinDate collection was conducted in four ways: (1) pre.-mission testing; (2) contit -ous observation of in-habitat behavior; (3) self-report questionnaires filled out dii]y by Aquanauts during their dive; and (4) structured debriefing of Aquanauts iLediately after decompression.Pre-Mission Testing. After arrival at the base camp, each Aquanaut was given a complete briefing on the scope and goals of the Behavior Program. The nature of data to .e collected and provisions to ensure the confidentiality of all responses were explained. Following the briefing, each A...

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Section: Roland Radloff Naval Medical Research Institutementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: '53mentioning

confidence: 99%

The TEKTITE II Human Behavior Program

Helmreich¹

1971

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“…It has been criticized, however, because a capitalization on unique item variance often results in criterionspecific scoring keys with low internal consistency if the criterion is heterogeneous (Goldberg, 1972;Guion, 1965;Nunnally, 1967). The resulting lack of internal consistency often hinders determination of the theoretical composition or construct validity of the scoring keys (Baehr & Williams, 1967; Matteson et al, 1969;Nunnally, 1967). Thus, little understanding of conceptual relationships between the items and the criterion may be conveyed by this approach.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Three popular approaches to scoring a set of questionnaire items (e.g., personality inventories, biographical inventories, attitude surveys) for which there is no single correct response have been evident in the psychological literature (cf. Baehr & Williams, 1967; Goldberg, 1972;Levine & Zachert, 1951;Matteson, Osburn & Sparks, 1969;Nunnally, 1967). These three approaches have been labeled the external (or empirical) approaclr, the internal approach, and the intuitive approach (see Goldberg, 1972, for an extensive review of these approaches).…”

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confidence: 99%

Empirical Item Keying Versus a Rational Approach to Analyzing a Psychological Climate Questionnaire

Hornick

James

Jones

1977

Applied Psychological Measurement

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The present study compared two approaches to scoring a Psychological Climate Questionnaire— an empirical keying of items using item analysis and a rational approach which focused on identifying the underlying constructs measured by the questionnaire. The approaches were compared with respect to prediction of performance criteria and the ability to ascertain the theoretical underpinnings of the instrument. Questionnaires were completed by 398 male firemen in a large metropolitan area. Results demonstrated that a summation of item scores to reflect carefully designed a priori constructs did not necessarily result in weaker prediction of performance criteria. Similarities of the present study with previous work are discussed. Three popular approaches to scoring a set of questionnaire items (e.g., personality inventories, biographical inventories, attitude surveys) for which there is no single correct response have been evident in the psychological literature (cf. Sparks, 1969;Nunnally, 1967). These three approaches have been labeled the external (or empirical) approaclr, the internal approach, and the intuitive approach (see Goldberg, 1972, for an extensive review of these approaches).The empirical approach places initial emphasis on the prediction of an external criterion, typically using an empirical keying procedure based on item-criterion relationships. Understanding of underlying relationships or constructs accounting for the prediction has received secondary or no emphasis. This approach has been thought to maximize prediction of an external criterion (Guion, 1965). It has been criticized, however, because a capitalization on unique item variance often results in criterionspecific scoring keys with low internal consistency if the criterion is heterogeneous (Goldberg, 1972;Guion, 1965;Nunnally, 1967). The resulting lack of internal consistency often hinders determination of the theoretical composition or construct validity of the scoring keys (Baehr & Williams, 1967; Matteson et al., 1969;Nunnally, 1967). Thus, little understanding of conceptual relationships between the items and the criterion may be conveyed by this approach.The internal approaclr uses the internal structure of the questionnaire items as the sole source of information to determine where and how items are to be used in the construction of item composites. Typically, this has been accomplished through the use of factor-analytic procedures or a strategy directed toward maximization of internal consistency (e.g., Loevinger, Gleser, & Dubois, 1953).

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“…Thus, participation in organizations may be a measure of motivational energy, much of which is expended in the managerial role. Baehr and Williams (1967) found that the basic factor in the relationship may be cognitive. They argue that indi viduals who are active in organizations and hold offices in them learn different leadership techniques that may be applied in their managerial role in personal contact situations of various types.…”

Section: Extra-system Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Sociological and social-psychological factors related to success in business management

Duncan

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Underlying dimensions of personal background data and their relationship to occupational classification.

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

The TEKTITE II Human Behavior Program

The TEKTITE II Human Behavior Program

Empirical Item Keying Versus a Rational Approach to Analyzing a Psychological Climate Questionnaire

Sociological and social-psychological factors related to success in business management

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