Reclaimed water (highly treated sewage-plant effluent) is being injected into a 480-foot-deep well at Bay Park, Long Island, N.Y., as part of a cooperative experimental study by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Nassau County Department of Public Works. Before the recharge experiments were started, the local geology, well and aquifer hydraulics, and chemistry of the native water were studied to define the background against which to measure the effects of injecting the reclaimed water. Results of these studies are presented in this report. The recharge well is screened in the lower part of the Magothy aquifer of Late Cretaceous age. Because the Magothy, the principal source of ground water in most of Long Island, is hydraulically interconnected with bodies of salty surface water, saltwater encroachment is a great concern. A search for methods with which to manage this problem prompted the cooperative study of recharging the aquifer with reclaimed water. At Bay Park, the Magothy aquifer is confined below by the clay member of the Raritan Formation, also of Late Cretaceous age. The aquifer is largely unconfined above, owing to the generally coarse-grained texture of the overlying Pleistocene deposits. The injection zone is a 60-foot interval of slightly silty fine to medium sand beds that lie between Magothy beds of lower hydraulic conductivity. Average lateral hydraulic conductivity of the stratified 60-foot injection zone is estimated to be 940 gallons per day per square foot (126 feet per day), but flowmeter surveys indicate considerable variation in lateral hydraulic conductivity within this interval. Vertical hydraulic conductivity of the material between the water table and the top of the injection zone ranges from 2 to 20 gallons per day per square foot (0.27 to 2.7 feet per day). The hydraulic characteristics of the hydrologic system were determined by standard aquifer-test methods and were later verified by electric-analog studies. Water from the Magothy aquifer has an unusually low dissolved-solids content because of the lack of readily soluble minerals in the aquifer deposits. At Bay Park, the dissolved-solids content is about 25 milligrams per liter. Most of the specific chemical components are those present in precipitation, the source of natural recharge. Dissolved silica, the single most abundant dissolved constituent in water from the Magothy aquifer, results from the solution •of quartz, the dominant mineral in the sand that constitutes most of the aquifer.