Underestimated Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Triple Infection Globally: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Chen, Sisi; Ren, Feng; Huang, Xiaojie; Li, Xu; Gao, Yao; Zhang, Xiangying; Cao, Yongli; Fan, Zihao; Tian, Yuan; Liu, Mei

doi:10.2196/37016

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Out of the 7 patients who were HIV/HBsAg coinfected, 6 (6.4%) tested positive to the HDV antigen. This result is within the range of result reported by Opaleye et al [17] with a 5.6% prevalence of the HDV antigen among HIV/HBV co-infected individuals but slightly lower than the global prevalence of 7.4% recorded from the findings of Chen et al [18]. This could be due to the higher global prevalence of HIV/HBV as reported by Ahmadi Gharaei et al [15], since the hepatitis B surface antigen(HbsAg) is required for the defective HDV to replicate as discovered by Coghill et al [1].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of Hepatitis D Virus among People Attending the Antiretroviral Clinic and the Effect on the Liver Function Enzymes

Baeka

Lawson

Yeshua

2022

MRJI

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Hepatitis D virus is an incomplete RNA virus requiring the assistance of the hepatitis B virus, specifically the HBsAg, to be infectious in humans. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HDV among HIV patients and the effect on liver enzymes. The study was conducted at the Rivers state University Teaching hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Blood samples were obtained through vein puncture from 93 adults of which 41(44%) were males while 52(56%) were females between the ages 18 and 70 years attending the antiretroviral clinic and CD4+ cell count was also obtained. The samples were preserved at -20ºC. Each of the samples was tested using a SWE-Care rapid strip (China) for the presence of HBsAg. HDV antibody was detected using a Dia. Pro ELISA kit (Italy). The AST, ALT and ALP were determined. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the data and P values were determined. From the total samples collected, 7(7.5%) of them were positive to the HBsAg test of which 3(3.2%) were males, while 4(4.3%) of them were females. Of the 7 people positive to the HBsAg, 6(6.4%) were positive to the HDV antibody with 3(3.2%) females and 3(3.2%) males. There was significant depletion of the CD4+ cells across the groups. For the liver function test, the P values were ˃ 0.05 for AST, ALT and ˂ 0.05 for ALP. The HDV infection from the study was not gender, nor age based and suggests a negative impact on the CD4 cells. The liver function enzyme analysis, suggest higher risk of hypertension in HIV/HBV/HDV infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of Hepatitis D Virus among People Attending the Antiretroviral Clinic and the Effect on the Liver Function Enzymes

Baeka

Lawson

Yeshua

2022

MRJI

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“…But a recent study looking at viral loads of HBV and HDV from patients with HBV‐A, ‐D, and ‐E genotypes showed the greatest impacts on HBV‐A, suggesting genotypic differences in vulnerability to suppression 28 . Similarly, in the case of triple infection (HIV‐HDV‐HBV), HIV can also influence the viral loads of the others 28,29 . In our review, we identified 21 cases of HIV‐HBV‐HDV infection, wherein only five had paired genotyping but without a clear trend (Table S1b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…28 Similarly, in the case of triple infection (HIV-HDV-HBV), HIV can also influence the viral loads of the others. 28,29 In our review, we identified 21 cases of HIV-HBV-HDV infection, wherein only five had paired genotyping but without a clear trend (Table S1b). For some studies, genotyping both viruses was either not the priority and/or perhaps from a region with well-known HBV or HDV genotypes regionally that they were inferred for their study.…”

Section: Hdv-1 Genotypes (Largely Hdv-2 and 4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does hepatitis delta virus have a preference for hepatitis B virus genotype? A systematic review of the literature

Beghin,

Meier‐Stephenson

2023

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a deficient virus that requires the surface proteins of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to complete its replication. HDV is thus only found in those already infected with HBV (~5% worldwide). There are eight different HDV genotypes (1–8) and 10 HBV genotypes (A–J), each having fairly distinct geographic distributions. While their pairings may be coincidental based on epidemiological occurrence, some evidence exists regarding possible virologic basis for genotype dominance and patterns. Here we sought to determine which HBV genotype is most often linked with active HDV infection and speculate on whether this may represent a viral ‘preference’. Electronic databases with OVID Medline were comprehensively searched for studies published between 1977 and 2022 indexing the word ‘genotype’ and all permutations of ‘HDV’ (hepatitis D virus, hepatitis delta, etc.). Primary studies of patient samples reporting genotype data for either or both of HDV and HBV were tabulated. The initial search revealed 419 articles and was narrowed to 133 studies reporting genotype data for either or both HBV and HDV. We limited our search to cases with detectable HDV RNA. These represented over 5800 samples from over 70 countries. Of these, 1947 samples had paired genotype data for both viruses. The most common pairing was HDV‐1 with HBV‐D, but it remains unclear whether this represents a viral ‘preference’ or mere co‐endemicity of the two viruses. Determining if there is a virologic link between HBV and HDV genotypes may have important implications for emerging HDV and HBV research.

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“…Moreover, indications have claimed an underestimation of the prevalence of HBV infection 6 . HBV infection would increase the risk of co‐infection with other infectious viruses like hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, or human immunodeficiency virus 6–8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes and gaps of global and regional disease burden of hepatitis B infection in children younger than 5 years old between 2015 and 2019: A real‐world data review

Wang,

Zhang,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declared an ongoing health threat, especially infections among children. We compared and updated the disease burden of HBV infection and the effectiveness of vaccination among children younger than 5 years to offer indications for hepatitis B prevention across the world. The country‐level data on the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the coverages of hepatitis B vaccine birth‐dose (HepB‐BD), three‐dose series (HepB3), income level, population density/size, and human development index were collected from open access databases including WHO, UNICEF, and World Bank. Comparison of the prevalence of HBsAg under 5 years old between 2015 and 2019 based on vaccination coverages was conducted by the gamma generalized linear mixed model. Globally, more than 6.3 million HBV infections were estimated in children under 5 years in 2019, compared to 10.1 million in 2015 within the 179 countries involved. The pooled average prevalence of HBsAg among children younger than 5 years decreased from 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–1.8) to 0.9% (95% CI: 0.7–1.2). The rate difference or rate ratio was −0.5% (95% CI: −0.6% to −0.3%) or 0.51(95% CI: 0.44–0.58), respectively. Countries from the African region or with lower income/population density/human development indexes bore the most significant disease burden of hepatitis B. Higher coverages of hepatitis B vaccine birth‐dose or primary series correlated with significant HBsAg prevalence decreases and much‐decreased ratio, independently. Hepatitis B prevention among children under 5 years has significantly been achieved while remaining the most life‐threatening disease burden, unequally distributed worldwide. The hepatitis B vaccination should be prioritized for all newborns, especially in those resource‐constrained countries or regions.

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Underestimated Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Triple Infection Globally: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Prevalence of Hepatitis D Virus among People Attending the Antiretroviral Clinic and the Effect on the Liver Function Enzymes

Prevalence of Hepatitis D Virus among People Attending the Antiretroviral Clinic and the Effect on the Liver Function Enzymes

Does hepatitis delta virus have a preference for hepatitis B virus genotype? A systematic review of the literature

Changes and gaps of global and regional disease burden of hepatitis B infection in children younger than 5 years old between 2015 and 2019: A real‐world data review

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