Underestimated Prediabetic Biomarkers: Are We Blind to Their Strategy?

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is currently one of the fastest growing health challenging, a non-communicable disease result of the XXI century lifestyle. Given its growing incidence and prevalence, it became increasingly imperative to develop new technologies and implement new biomarkers for early diagnosis in order to promote lifestyle changes and thus cause a setback of the disease. Promising biomarkers have been identified as predictive of T2D development; however, none of them have yet been implemented in clinical practice routine. Moreover, many prediabetic biomarkers can also represent potential therapeutical targets in disease management. Previous studies have identified the most popular biomarkers, which are being thoroughly investigated. However, there are some biomarkers with promising preliminary results with limited associated studies; hence there is still much to be understood about its mechanisms and associations in T2D pathophysiology. This work identifies and discusses the promising results of Galectin-3, Ophthalmate and Fetuin-A.

Functions and mechanisms of protein lysine butyrylation (Kbu): Therapeutic implications in human diseases

“…DM, compounded by its complications, not only affects the quality of life of patients but also contributes to a high mortality rate. 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 A combination of telmisartan and pancreatin ameliorates type 2 diabetes (T2D)-linked cardiomyopathy by reversing H3, H2A, and H2B histone modifications. 67 This suggests the importance of decoding the role of epigenetics in diabetes.…”

Association of plasma galectin-3 and fetuin-A levels with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

“…Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of an evolutionarily conserved family of soluble b-galactosidase-binding lectins [3], has been found expressed in multiple cell types including immune cells, epithelial cells, endothe-…”

“…However, data about circulating Gal-3 levels and DR are limited.Fetuin-A (Fet-A) is a 64-kDa heterodimeric glycoprotein produced by the adipose tissue and liver [12]. Evidence indicates that circulating Fet-A is positively associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and T2DM [3]. Moreover, Fet-A was also found to stimulate pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [13][14][15].…”