Under What Circumstances Do People Drown? Encoding the Fourth Component of the 4W Model

Swimming in New Waters: Profiling K-12 Aquatic Physical Activity in Florida as a Viable Lifesaving Force in Physical Education

“…Additional reports also revealed that the fatal unintentional drowning rate overall for Native Americans including aboriginal Alaskans was 2.2 times that of Euro-Americans with similar dramatic disparities among age groups (children ages 5-14 had a drowning rate 2.6 times higher than that of Euro-Americans; CDC, 2009). Consistent with literature on physical activity patterns (Bgeginski, Finkelstein, Alberton, Tartaruga, & Kruel, 2009;Kruel, Peyer-Tartaruga, Alberton, Muller, & Petkowizc, 2009;Peyre-Tartaruga, Tartaruga, Coertjens, Black, Oliveira & Kruel, 2009), aquatics and minority populations (Applebee, 1991;Avramidis et al, 2009a;Banks & Banks, 1989;Beale et al, 2002;Eisenhart & Cutts-Dougherty, 1991;Irwin, Irwin, Ryan, & Drayer, 2009;Jackson, 1991;Moran, 2009;Pendelton, 1975;Waller & Norwood, 2009;Wieser, 1995), physical environment (e.g., access to swimming pools), and a combination of social-cultural issues (e.g., valuing swimming skills and choosing water-related activities when making recreational choices) may be the primary factors contributing to the heritage and ethnic differences in drowning rates due to the lack of exposure to APA. (Avramidis et al, 2007(Avramidis et al, , 2009a(Avramidis et al, , 2009b(Avramidis et al, , 2009cMartin & Witman, 2010;Moran, 2009).…”

“…Results clearly revealed that physical educators' attitudes regarding the barriers attributed to the lack of APA in physical education programs were also consistent with the literature including issues such as scheduling conflict, lack of certification, and training, lack of facilities (refer to Table 4). Moreover, literature suggested that culture plays a role in one's use of and participation in APA, thus limiting exposure to APA through the allocation of resources and decision-making when it comes to participation in aquatic venues (Avramidis, Butterly, Llewellyn, 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2009cMartin & Witman, 2010). Cardon, Verstraete, Dirk, and Bourdeaudhuij (2004) compared the physical activity levels of 8-12-year-old students during swimming and nonswimming elementary physical education classes.…”

The Relation of Drowning Rescue Methods with the Rescuer in Cinema

“…On the opposite side, this high frequency of successful drowning rescues may give the false impression that the safety of those entered into the water depends exclusively on the rescuers, and therefore those that later became victims do not need to be careful while staying in or around the water. Thus, water safety educators that use films in their classes need to underline that, after the rescuer, the victim is the second most essential variable that determines the outcome of drowning [17,18,27].…”

Intellectual Honesty and Ethics: What is Right in Publishing

“…As long as the data are examined in a unique way to answer a different question, then separate papers are certainly permitted. Regular readers of the International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education may recognize a series of papers that represents an example of multiple papers addressing unique research questions from the same data set (Avramidis, Butterly, Llewellyn, 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d.…”