Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light

Serrage, Hannah; Heiskanen, Vladimir; Palin, William M.; Cooper, Paul R.; Milward, Michael; Hadis, Mohammed; Hamblin, Michael R.

doi:10.1039/c9pp00089e

Cited by 88 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 212 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…Although most of the work in this area has focused on long-wave and near-infrared light, short-and mid-wave light may have therapeutic potential as well (e.g., modulating opsin signaling [155]). This has long been obvious for issues such as jaundice in babies (e.g., blue light therapy breaks up bilirubin, [156]) or for more utilitarian purposes such as curing of dental compound [157].…”

Section: Photobiomodulation Effects On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As noted throughout this review, different wavelengths prompt different effects. For example, "red" and NIR light increase activity within the TGF-β signaling pathway (regulates cell growth/differentiation), whereas "blue" light inhibits that same pathway [155]. Like alternating cold and hot compresses for edema, alternating wavelength to achieve specific biological effects may ultimately prove the most efficacious PBM approach for many conditions [161].…”

Section: Photobiomodulation Effects On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health

Buch

Hammond

2020

IJMS

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Humans express an expansive and detailed response to wavelength differences within the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. This is most clearly manifest, and most studied, with respect to a relatively small range of electromagnetic radiation that includes the visible wavelengths with abutting ultraviolet and infrared, and mostly with respect to the visual system. Many aspects of our biology, however, respond to wavelength differences over a wide range of the EM spectrum. Further, humans are now exposed to a variety of modern lighting situations that has, effectively, increased our exposure to wavelengths that were once likely minimal (e.g., “blue” light from devices at night). This paper reviews some of those biological effects with a focus on visual function and to a lesser extent, other body systems.

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Section: Photobiomodulation Effects On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photobiomodulation Effects On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health

Buch

Hammond

2020

IJMS

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“…Shortly thereafter, more evidence from behavioral studies supported the presence of photoreceptive elements in the skin of animals by showing that localized illumination on the skin elicits locomotion (river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis , Chordata), skin color change (octopus, Octopus bimaculoides , Mollusca), withdrawal behavior (pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis , Mollusca), light avoidance (fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , Arthropoda), and thermoregulatory behavior (lizard, Podarcis muralis , Chordata) 2‐9 . Continuous investigations in dermal photoreception have identified mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), nitrosated proteins, flavoproteins generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and light‐activated calcium ion channels as endogenous photosensors 10 . More recently, opsins, which are key phototransducing molecules found in the retina, have emerged as new photosensors in the skin as several lines of scientific evidence support their expression in both nonhuman animal and human skin 11,12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As photobiomodulation (PBM), a form of light therapy based on nonionizing forms of light sources, is becoming a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of various dermatological conditions, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hair regrowth, wound healing, and tissue regeneration, it is particularly important to understand the types of opsins expressed in human skin and their downstream molecular mechanisms 10,21‐24 . Since each opsin has distinct absorption spectra and signaling transduction, the optimization of light therapy tailored to the features of each opsin will maximize the benefit that PBM can offer in the clinic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The expression of opsins in the human skin and its implications for photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review

Suh

Choi

Mesinkovska

2020

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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Background Skin is the organ most extensively exposed to light of a broad range of wavelengths. Several studies have reported that skin expresses photoreceptive molecules called opsins. However, the identity and functional role of opsins in the human skin remain elusive. We aim to summarize current scientific evidence on the types of opsins expressed in the skin and their biological functions. Methods A primary literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify articles on dermal opsins found in nonhuman animals and humans. Results Twenty‐two articles, representing, however, a non‐exhaustive selection of the scientific papers published in this specific field, met the inclusion criteria. In nonhuman animals, opsins and opsin‐like structures have been detected in the skin of fruit fly, zebrafish, frog, octopus, sea urchin, hogfish, and mouse, and they mediate skin color change, light avoidance, shadow reflex, and circadian photoentrainment. In humans, opsins are present in various skin cell types, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and hair follicle cells. They have been shown to mediate wound healing, melanogenesis, hair growth, and skin photoaging. Conclusion Dermal opsins have been identified across many nonhuman animals and humans. Current evidence suggests that opsins have biological significance beyond light reception. In nonhuman animals, opsins are involved in behaviors that are critical for survival. In humans, opsins are involved in various functions of the skin although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Future investigation on elucidating the mechanism of dermal opsins will be crucial to expand the therapeutic benefits of photobiomodulation for various skin disorders.

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Effects of the phenotypic polarization state of human leukocytes on the optical absorbance spectrum

Sousa

Silva

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Journal of Biophotonics

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This study evaluated the optical absorbance spectrum of human monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes polarized, or not, to the inflammatory or immunoregulatory phenotypes. Peripheral human blood leukocytes were isolated and polarized (10 ng/mL) with LPS or IL‐4 + LPS for 2 hours. After polarization, cells were washed and incubated for an additional 24 hours (monocytes and lymphocytes) or 12 hours (neutrophils). Next, cells were collected to evaluate the optical absorbance spectrum. The three types of leukocytes exhibited absorbance in the region from 450 to 900 nm, with greater absorbance at wavelengths lower than 570 nm. Lymphocytes had a second region of greater absorbance between 770 and 900 nm. Inflammatory monocytes and lymphocytes showed increased absorbance of blue, green and yellow wavelengths (monocytes), as well as red and infrared wavelengths (monocytes and lymphocytes). Immunoregulatory polarization altered the absorbance of monocytes and lymphocytes very little. Neutrophils treated with LPS or LPS + IL‐4 exhibited lower absorbance at wavelengths higher than 575 nm compared to untreated cells. The present findings showed that leukocytes exhibit greater absorbance in regions of the spectrum that have not been much used in photobiomodulation (PBM), and the polarization of these cells can affect their capacity to absorb light. Taken together, these results suggest new perspectives in the use of PBM in the clinical setting depending on the wavelengths and the stage of the inflammatory process.

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Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light

Abstract: Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the application of light at wavelengths ranging from 400–1100 nm to promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation and promote analgesia.

Cited by 88 publications

References 212 publications

Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health

Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health

The expression of opsins in the human skin and its implications for photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review

Effects of the phenotypic polarization state of human leukocytes on the optical absorbance spectrum

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