Under the Microscope: The Evolution of Surgical Loupes

Abstract

Fine motor movements of the surgeon’s hands are limited by the resolution of the eye. Surgical loupes have allowed the profession of surgery to surpass this threshold. This is a review of the historical milestones that lead up to the development of the modern-day loupes. We explore the Greco-Roman history of the magnifying lens, its subsequent application to corrective eyewear centuries later, and the multiple ground-breaking advancements of the compound lens microscope. Moreover, we review the development of pre-modern loupes as each iteration improved through time. The aim of this historical review is to kindle an appreciation for the millennia of development that led to such instrumental modern-day technology.

Electrosurgery on Giant Condyloma Acuminata

“…Giant Condyloma Acuminata can appear in both men and women because this disease is transmitted through sexual intercourse. Another risk factors are early onset of sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, intercourse without using a condom, and an immunocompromised condition (Baigrie et al, 2022;Nieves-Condoy et al, 2021). The highest transmission is through vaginal and anal contact (Singh SK & John Wiley & Sons, 2018).…”

“…There are several resection modalities for GCA, including classic surgery, laser surgery and electrosurgery (Nieves-Condoy et al, 2021;Purzycka-Bohdan et al, 2022). Electrosurgery therapy in GCA cases has the advantage of being able to remove partially or completely of the GCA lesions in one therapy, but this cannot prevent disease recurrence (Baigrie et al, 2022;Workowski & Berman, 2011). Electrosurgery therapy didn't cause extensive post-operative wounds and bleeding that occurs during electrosurgery.…”

“…The most frequent side effects were patients complained of pain and burning, burns, transmission of infection from the electrodes, scarring and respiratory tract disorders due to inhaling fumes from electrosurgery tools. In this case, the patient is given an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection in the area where the procedure was performed and given oral analgetic if needed (Baigrie et al, 2022;Taheri et al, 2014).…”

“…Electrosurgery therapy has various modalities that can be an option for GCA therapy. Electrosurgery therapy in GCA cases has the advantage that able to remove almost all lesions at one time with the lowest recurrence rate (Nieves-Condoy et al, 2021).However, this electrosurgery therapy also has some disadvantages such as pain (Loo et al, 2019) and unavoidable actions (Baigrie et al, 2022). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of electrosurgery in GCA patients, where electrosurgery was found to be able to remove all skin lesions and prevent recurrence in previous case reports (Baigrie et al, 2022;Workowski & Berman, 2011).…”

Updates in the Management of Congenital Melanocytic Nevi

“…Scarring from removal may mask developing MM, further complicating detection. † These destructive techniques all increase the risk of scarring, dyspigmentation, infection, and alopecia [33,35,37,38]. They are associated with recurrence/persistence of nevi and involve multiple treatments in larger nevi [6,39].…”