Under Pressure: Women's Leadership During the COVID-19 Crisis

Bruce, Raphael; Cavgias, Alexsandros; Meloni, Luis; Remígio, Mário

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3883010

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…the context of the COVID-19 crisis, Bruce et al (2022) find that female-led municipalities in Brazil experienced a lower total number of deaths in 2020, consistent with the net negative cumulative effect we report.…”

Section: Contribution To the Literaturesupporting

confidence: 88%

Gender and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Crisis Respons

Chauvin¹,

Tricaud²

2022

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While there is evidence of gender differences in leaders behavior, less is known about what drives these gaps. This paper uncovers the role of electoral incentives. Using a close election regression discontinuity design in Brazil, we first show that female mayors handled the COVID-19 crisis differently over the year 2020, which ended with new municipal elections. We find that having a female mayor led to more deaths per capita at the beginning of the pandemic a period characterized by uncertainty about the severity of the threat but to fewer deaths per capita later in the year, a period where this uncertainty was reduced. We provide additional evidence that female mayors were less likely to close non-essential businesses early on, and more likely to do so at the end, and that residents in female-led municipalities were more likely to stay at home in the weeks surrounding the election. We then show that these results can be rationalized by a simple political agency model where politicians seek re-election and where voters assess female and male politicians actions differently. Consistent with this interpretation, we show that the gender differences we find are driven exclusively by mayors who were not term-limited and thus allowed to run for re-election, and that the effects are stronger in municipalities with greater gender discrimination. Taken together, the results suggest that female and male leaders face different electoral incentives and adapt their policy decisions to voters expectations.

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Section: Contribution To the Literaturesupporting

confidence: 88%

Gender and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Crisis Respons

Chauvin¹,

Tricaud²

2022

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“…Brollo & Troiano (2016) finds that cities where women are elected as mayors improve their health outcomes during their term: mothers do more prenatal visits and fewer babies are born prematurely. A similar result is found by Bruce et al (2022), during the COVID-19 pandemic, cities governed by female leaders imposed more preventative policies against the spread of the disease, such as mask mandates and prohibition on gathering, and suffered less from deaths and hospitalizations compared to counties governed by men.…”

Section: List Of Tablessupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The personal characteristics of politicians affect public policy and socioeconomic outcomes. Traits, such as gender (Jayasuriya & Burke, 2013;Chattopadhyay & Duflo, 2004;Brollo & Troiano, 2016;Bruce et al, 2022), education (Besley et al, 2011) and occupation (Bragança & Dahis, 2021;Novaes, 2020), can define the policy preferences of elected leaders and determine the allocation of public goods in their constituencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Electing a Miner Mayor: Evidence From Brazil

INOCENCIO¹

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First of all, I am deeply grateful to my parents, Irene and Judivan, for all their support. Although they did not attend high school and had to start working young to help support their households, they were always aware of the value of education and the countless doors it opens up. Thanks to this deep belief, they always encouraged me to study hard and, without their support, I would not be able to be where I am right now.I am also glad to have met so many amazing people during my journey at PUC-Rio. Pursuing a Master's degree during a pandemic was not easy, but, even in the toughest moments, I always knew that I could count on my dearest friends. I thank them, especially Pedro, for all the moments we have shared together.Finally, I would like to thank my advisor, Prof. Ricardo Dahis, for his guidance and for being so considerate during the making of this thesis. I also thank Prof. Juliano Assunção and Prof. Francisco Costa for their valuable comments. Any mistakes are my own.This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001. The financial support from PUC-Rio is gratefully acknowledged.

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“…Among these, ideology has been identified as key. Studies from Brazil and the United States argue that right-wing voters are less likely to adhere to social distancing policies (AJZENMAN, CAVALCANTI, and MATA, 2020;BRUCE et al, 2022;GOLLWITZER et al, 2020;LEONE, 2021;MARIANI, GAGETE-MIRANDA, and RETTL, 2020). Consequently, in countries where political elites provided cues that minimized the seriousness of the pandemic, as in the cases of Presidents Bolsonaro and Trump, supporters of the president are more likely to engage in riskier behavior and activities (e.g., protests against lockdowns).…”

Section: Ecological Inferences At the Individual-levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Ideology and COVID-19 Deaths: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know

Barberia

Moreira

Carvalho

et al. 2022

Bras. political sci. rev.

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Several recent studies have investigated if support for Jair Bolsonaro in the presidential election of 2018 is positively associated with COVID-19 infections and deaths in Brazil. In these studies, COVID-19 outcomes in 2020 and 2021 are the dependent variables, and votes for Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 presidential election (as a proxy for ideology) are the key explanatory variable. This article discusses why ecological research designs are difficult to test empirically. We discuss why correlations between vote shares and COVID-19 outcomes using aggregate data can produce biased inferences, and we specifically focus on measurement error, aggregation bias, and spatial and temporal dynamics.

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Under Pressure: Women's Leadership During the COVID-19 Crisis

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Gender and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Crisis Respons

Gender and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Crisis Respons

The Effects of Electing a Miner Mayor: Evidence From Brazil

The Relationship between Ideology and COVID-19 Deaths: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know

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