Uncovering the transmission dynamics of<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>using population genetics

Barry, Alyssa E.; Waltmann, Andreea; Koepfli, Cristian; Barnadas, Céline; Müeller, Ivo

doi:10.1179/2047773215y.0000000012

Cited by 60 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…Relapse can thus contribute to greater complexity of infection and higher levels of parasite diversity and may also increase gene flow through human movement and help to maintain larger, more stable parasite populations than P. falciparum. 23,87,88 This survey was conducted as a baseline to future surveys monitoring the success of the PNG national malaria control program with the first countrywide LLIN distribution completed in the year of the survey (2008). Since then, Plasmodium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20][21][22] Measuring the complexity of infection and genetic diversity of parasite populations across different endemicities may be used as an indicator to evaluate the efficacy of control and elimination strategies. 23 The burden of malaria in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is among the highest in the Asia Pacific region. 5,8,24 Four of the five malaria species known to infect humans, P. falciparum, P. vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale s.l., are endemic in PNG.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum across all Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have varying transmission dynamics that are informed by molecular epidemiology. This study aimed to determine the complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax and P. falciparum throughout Papua New Guinea (PNG) to evaluate transmission dynamics across the country. In 2008-2009, a nationwide malaria indicator survey collected 8,936 samples from all 16 endemic provinces of PNG. Of these, 892 positive P. vivax samples were genotyped at PvMS16 and PvmspF3, and 758 positive P. falciparum samples were genotyped at Pfmsp2. The data were analyzed for multiplicity of infection (MOI) and genetic diversity. Overall, P. vivax had higher polyclonality (71%) and mean MOI (2.32) than P. falciparum (20%, 1.39). These measures were significantly associated with prevalence for P. falciparum but not for P. vivax. The genetic diversity of P. vivax (PvMS16: expected heterozygosity = 0.95, 0.85-0.98; PvMsp1F3: 0.78, 0.66-0.89) was higher and less variable than that of P. falciparum (Pfmsp2: 0.89, 0.65-0.97). Significant associations of MOI with allelic richness (rho = 0.69, P = 0.009) and expected heterozygosity (rho = 0.87, P < 0.001) were observed for P. falciparum. Conversely, genetic diversity was not correlated with polyclonality nor mean MOI for P. vivax. The results demonstrate higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax across the country. Although P. falciparum shows a strong association of these parameters with prevalence, a lack of association was observed for P. vivax and is consistent with higher potential for outcrossing of this species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum across all Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

et al. 2017

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“…In addition, genomic sequencing of P. vivax populations has demonstrated that within population diversity of P. vivax is higher than that of a small panel of P. falciparum isolates from disparate geographic regions 66. Moreover, while the extent of P. falciparum diversity is tightly correlated with regional levels of transmission,67 P. vivax harbors high genetic diversity even in low-transmission areas 68. High diversity provides greater evolutionary potential to evade host immunity, develop drug and vaccine resistance, and adapt to different human and anopheline hosts.…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Of P Vivaxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Plasmodium vivax Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research

Olliaro¹,

Barnwell²,

Barry³

et al. 2016

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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This paper summarizes our current understanding of the biology of Plasmodium vivax, how it differs from Plasmodium falciparum, and how these differences explain the need for P. vivax-tailored interventions. The article further pinpoints knowledge gaps where investments in research are needed to help identify and develop such specific interventions. The principal obstacles to reduce and eventually eliminate P. vivax reside in 1) its higher vectorial capacity compared with P. falciparum due to its ability to develop at lower temperature and over a shorter sporogonic cycle in the vector, allowing transmission in temperate zones and making it less sensitive to vector control measures that are otherwise effective on P. falciparum; 2) the presence of dormant liver forms (hypnozoites), sustaining multiple relapsing episodes from a single infectious bite that cannot be diagnosed and are not susceptible to any available antimalarial except primaquine, with routine deployment restricted by toxicity; 3) low parasite densities, which are difficult to detect with current diagnostics leading to missed diagnoses and delayed treatments (and protracted transmission), coupled with 4) transmission stages (gametocytes) occurring early in acute infections, before infection is diagnosed.

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“…Parasite genotyping has potential to inform on parasite transmission dynamics [20–22]. Indeed, studies of field populations of P .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, studies of field populations of P . vivax using neutral markers such as microsatellites have demonstrated that a spectrum of population structures exist for this species [20, 23]. Previous studies in Iran have assessed the diversity of the local P .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of P. vivax in Iran: High Diversity and Complex Sub-Structure Using Neutral Markers, but No Evidence of Y976F Mutation at pvmdr1

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMalaria remains endemic at low levels in the south-eastern provinces of Iran bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the majority of cases attributable to P. vivax. The national guidelines recommend chloroquine (CQ) as blood-stage treatment for uncomplicated P. vivax, but the large influx of imported cases enhances the risk of introducing CQ resistance (CQR).Methodology and Principal FindingsThe genetic diversity at pvmdr1, a putative modulator of CQR, and across nine putatively neutral short tandem repeat (STR) markers were assessed in P. vivax clinical isolates collected between April 2007 and January 2013 in Hormozgan Province, south-eastern Iran. One hundred blood samples were collected from patients with microscopy-confirmed P. vivax enrolled at one of five district clinics. In total 73 (73%) were autochthonous cases, 23 (23%) imported cases from Afghanistan or Pakistan, and 4 (4%) with unknown origin. 97% (97/100) isolates carried the F1076L mutation, but none carried the Y976F mutation. STR genotyping was successful in 71 (71%) isolates, including 57(57%) autochthonous and 11 (11%) imported cases. Analysis of population structure revealed 2 major sub-populations, K1 and K2, with further sub-structure within K2. The K1 sub-population had markedly lower diversity than K2 (HE = 0.06 vs HE = 0.82) suggesting that the sub-populations were sustained by distinct reservoirs with differing transmission dynamics, possibly reflecting local versus imported/introduced populations. No notable separation was observed between the local and imported cases although the sample size was limited.ConclusionsThe contrasting low versus high diversity in the two sub-populations (K1 and K2) infers that a combination of local transmission and cross-border malaria from higher transmission regions shape the genetic make-up of the P. vivax population in south-eastern Iran. There was no molecular evidence of CQR amongst the local or imported cases, but ongoing clinical surveillance is warranted.

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Uncovering the transmission dynamics ofPlasmodium vivaxusing population genetics

Cited by 60 publications

References 84 publications

Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum across all Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum across all Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

Implications of Plasmodium vivax Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research

Molecular Epidemiology of P. vivax in Iran: High Diversity and Complex Sub-Structure Using Neutral Markers, but No Evidence of Y976F Mutation at pvmdr1

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