Uncovering the key role of distortion in tetrazine ligations guides the design of bioorthogonal tools that defy the reactivity/stability tradeoff

Abstract

The tetrazine/trans-cyclooctene ligation stands out from the bioorthogonal toolbox due to its exceptional reaction kinetics, enabling multiple molecular technologies in vitro and in living systems. Highly reactive 2-pyridyl-substituted tetrazines have become state-of-the-art for time-critical processes and selective reactions at very low concentration. It is widely accepted that the enhanced reactivity of these chemical tools is attributed to the electron-withdrawing effect of the heteroaryl substituent. In contrast, we show that observed reaction rates are way too high to be explained on this basis. Computational investigation of this phenomenon revealed that distortion of the tetrazine caused by intramolecular N-N repulsion plays a key role in accelerating the cycloaddition step. While we show that the limited stability of tetrazines under physiological conditions strongly correlates with the electron-withdrawing effect of the substituent, intramolecular destabilization increases the reactivity without reducing stability. Guided by these fundamental insights we demonstrate application in the design of highly reactive tetrazines with superior stability, finally evading the reactivity/stability trade-off for bioorthogonal tetrazine tools.