“…In [15], the vanilla PINN was proposed to infer the unknown parameters (e.g., the coefficient of the convection term) in the NS equations based on velocity measurements for the 2D flow over a cylinder. Following this work, PINNs were then applied to various flows [10,11,12,13,14,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49], covering the applications on compressible flows [13], biomedical flows [14,42,50], turbulent convection flows [48], free boundary and Stefan problems [47], etc. The main attractive advantage of PINNs in solving fluid mechanics problems is that a unified framework (shown in Fig.…”