“…In contrast, when a novel stimulus is paired with an event already fully predicted based on previously experienced contingencies, no error is generated and no learning about the new stimulus occurs (e.g., Kamin, ; Pearce & Hall, ; Rescorla & Wagner, ; Schultz & Dickinson, ). Researchers have identified the neural underpinnings of such error‐driven learning in both non‐human animals (e.g., Friston, ; Hayden, Heilbronner, Pearson, & Platt, ; Holland & Gallagher, ; Hollerman & Schultz, ; Schultz, Dayan, & Montague, ) and human adults, who also generate prediction errors to violations of learned contingencies (e.g., Behrens, Woolrich, Walton, & Rushworth, ; Brown & Braver, ; Carter et al., ; Fletcher et al., ; McClure, Berns, & Montague, ; Mestres‐Missé, Trampel, Turner, & Kotz, ; O'Reilly, ; den Ouden, Friston, Daw, McIntosh, & Stephan, ; Pessiglione, Seymour, Flandin, Dolan, & Frith, ; Yu & Dayan, ). Evidence suggests that in both non‐humans and humans, dopamine neurons play a key role in signaling prediction error and in driving neuronal and behavioral learning (e.g., Holroyd & Coles, ; Waelti, Dickinson, & Schultz, ).…”