Unbiased Electro-Optic Waveguide as a Sensitive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Sensor

Aydé, R.; Gaborit, Gwenaël; Dahdah, Jean; Duvillaret, Lionel; Courjal, Nadège; Guyot, Clément; Sablong, Raphaël; Perrier, Anne-Laure; Beuf, Olivier

doi:10.1109/lpt.2014.2321099

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The low absorption losses (< 0.15%/cm at 1.06 μm) and its weak optical dispersion in the transparency band [7] also contribute to its success. As a result, lithium niobate has become indispensable for demanding applications such as broadband modulation for long-haul high-bit-rate optical telecommunication systems [2,8], electromagnetic sensors [9], precision gyroscopes [10], and astronomy [11]. For each application, the challenge is to provide integrated configurations that are easy to implement, of low loss, low in energy consumption, and, if possible, compact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides and Microwaveguides

Courjal¹,

Bernal²,

Caspar³

et al. 2018

Emerging Waveguide Technology

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Lithium niobate has attracted much attention since the 1970s due to its capacity to modify the light by means of an electric control. In this chapter, we review the evolution of electrooptical (EO) lithium niobate waveguides throughout the years, from Ti-indiffused waveguides to photonic crystals. The race toward ever smaller EO components with ever-lower optical losses and power consumption has stimulated numerous studies, the challenge consisting of strongly confining the light while preserving low losses. We show how waveguides have evolved toward ridges or thin film-based microguides to increase the EO efficiency and reduce the driving voltage. In particular, a focus is made on an easy-toimplement technique using a circular precision saw to produce thin ridge waveguides or suspended membranes with low losses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides and Microwaveguides

Courjal¹,

Bernal²,

Caspar³

et al. 2018

Emerging Waveguide Technology

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“…With this low intensity, no elevation of the temperature was recorded using the detuning circuit. But in order to fully ensure patient safety, the developed active detuning system should be associated with an endoluminal coil with a novel optical method of NMR signal transmission (Aydé et al 2013, Aydé et al 2014. A number of optical systems for NMR signal transmission have already been built (Fandrey et al 2012, Koste et al 2005, Memis et al 2008, Possanzini et al 2011, Yuan et al 2007.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active optical-based detuning circuit for receiver endoluminal coil

Saniour¹,

Aydé²,

Perrier³

et al. 2017

Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express

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In this paper we demonstrate the effectiveness of an active optical detuning circuit for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) endoluminal receiver coil. Three endoluminal coils prototypes were built: a coil without any detuning circuit, a coil with a galvanic (classic) detuning circuit using a PIN diode, and a coil with an optical detuning circuit using two photodiodes in parallel with a PIN diode. These coils were built and characterized on a laboratory experimental bench. Then, an in vitro experiment was performed with a 3.0 T MR system to evaluate the impact of the endoluminal receiver coils in detuned phase on the image uniformity distribution measured using the body coil. Next, the endoluminal coil was used as a receiver coil to compare the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distribution based on iso-contour maps. On experimental bench, the results show an increase delay of the switching times (tuned-detuned or detuned-tuned) for optical-detuned coils of about 10 µs due to the electro-optical circuits, delay still compatible with requirements. When the body coil is used as a transceiver, the SNR uniformity is similar whether the galvanic or the optical detuning circuit is used. Finally, the SNR iso-contours of the different endoluminal coils prototypes are comparable.

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“…The EO efficiency of CPI-based sensors is governed either by r 22 • n o 3 for Z-propagating guides 54 or by (r 33 • n e 3 to r 13 • n o 3 )/2 in the other cases, 74,75 where n o and n e are the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices. However, r 13 and r 22 are more than three times lower than r 33 .…”

Section: Bulk Electro-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Behague

Calero

Coste

et al. 2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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The measurement of microwave electric-field (E-field) exposure is an ever-evolving subject that has recently led the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection to change its recommendations. With frequencies increasing toward terahertz (THz), stimulated by 5G deployment, the measurement specifications reveal ever more demanding challenges in terms of bandwidth (BW) and miniaturization. We propose a focus on minimally invasive E-field sensors, which are crucial for the in situ and near-field characterization of E-fields both in harsh environments such as plasmas and in the vicinity of emitters. We browse the large varieties of measurement devices, among which the electro-optic (EO) probes stand out for their potential of high BW up to THz, minimal invasiveness, and ability of vector measurements. We describe and compare the three main categories of EO sensors, from bulk systems to nanoprobes. First, we show how bulk-sensors have evolved toward attractive fibered systems that are advantageously employed in plasmas, resonance magnetic imagings chambers or for radiation-pattern imaging up to THz frequencies. Then we describe how the integration of waveguides helps to gain robustness, lateral resolution, and sensitivity. The third part is dedicated to the ultra-miniaturization of components allowing ultimate steps toward electromagnetic invisibility. This review aims at pointing out the recent evolutions over the past 10 years, with a highlight on the specificities of each photonic architecture. It also shows the way to future multi-physics and multi-arrays smart sensing platforms. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Unbiased Electro-Optic Waveguide as a Sensitive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Sensor

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides and Microwaveguides

Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides and Microwaveguides

Active optical-based detuning circuit for receiver endoluminal coil

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

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