Unbalanced N:P ratios and nutrient stress controlling growth and toxin production of the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge

Varkitzi, Ioanna; Pagou, Κalliopi; Granéli, Edna; Hatzianestis, I.; Pyrgaki, Christina; Pavlidou, Alexandra; Montesanto, Barbara; Economou‐Amilli, Athena

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2009.12.001

Cited by 58 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…To learn the potential roles of MRP transporter in production of OA, next, we observed the changes in OA content per cell and MRP activity in P. lima at different growth phases. In agreement with previous reports (Varkitzi et al 2010), OA content in P. lima in stationary phase was 30 pg cell −1 , higher than that in lag phase and exponential phase. As expected, both the OA level and MRP activity in P. lima increased over time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Similar to our results, based on the finding that the presence of MK571 increased the accumulation of Fura 2 acetoxymethylester (AM), a calcium-sensitive dye, in the marine diatom T. rotula, Scherer et al (2008) proposed that the cells of T. rotula possess MRP transporters. Previous studies have found that OA content per cell in stationary phase was significantly higher than that in lag phase and exponential phase in P. lima (McLachlan et al 1994;Nascimento et al 2005;Varkitzi et al 2010). To learn the potential roles of MRP transporter in production of OA, next, we observed the changes in OA content per cell and MRP activity in P. lima at different growth phases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…However, progress is still slow in exploring genes involved in the HAB toxins owing to the peculiarities of the dinoflagellate genome (Sako et al 2001;Kellmann et al 2010;Wang et al 2012). Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge is a cosmopolitan epiphytic-benthic toxic dinoflagellate, which can produce phycotoxins such as okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), DTX2, and their derivatives, which are the principal toxins responsible for DSP in humans (Varkitzi et al 2010). OA is the best representative of the DSP toxins (Espiña et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MRP functional activity and character in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima

et al. 2015

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Using laser scanning confocal microscope (LACM) and flow cytometry (FCM), we found that MK571, a specific inhibitor of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), could increase the accumulation of calcein-AM in Prorocentrum lima, a DSP toxin-producing dinoflagellate. This led to the assumption that the cells of P. lima possess MRP transporters in the plasma membrane. The contents of okadaic acid (OA), a main component of DSP toxins, and MRP activities in P. lima were determined at 4, 20, 28, and 42 days after culture and at 38 day under N-and P-limited conditions. We found that both the OA level and MRP activity in P. lima increased over time; OA concentration and MRP activity conformably increased under N-and P-limited conditions compared with control counterparts. These changes in OA concentration and associated increased MRP activity suggest that MRP might be involved in OA transport in P. lima. However, MK571 and CsA, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of multidrug resistance (MDR)-associated ABC proteins, had no observable effects on OA content in P. lima. It seems that except for MDR-associated ABC proteins, other transporters like PDR might be involved in the transport of OA in P. lima.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MRP functional activity and character in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima

et al. 2015

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“…The altered nutrient dynamics will subsequently influence ecosystem structure and function and threaten the safety of aquatic environments. Evidence also showed that unbalanced nutrient composition might drive harmful algal growth (Varkitzi et al, 2010) and modulate carbon (C) sequestration amount due to the adjustment of cellular C / P ratios of plankton living in varying N / P conditions (Geider and Roche, 2002). The ambient nutrient concentrations that determine the exchange rate between a cell and its medium may vary along the mixing gradient from river to sea, as well as processes such as uptake, transformation, remineralization, and diapycnal supply.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint effect of freshwater plume and coastal upwelling on phytoplankton growth off the Changjiang River

Tseng¹,

Lin

Dai

et al. 2014

Biogeosciences

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“…Evidence shows that the unbalanced nutrient composition might have caused an alteration of community structure and stimulated the growth of harmful algae (Varkitzi et al 2010) and even influenced the amount of carbon sequestration, since the cellular C : P ratio of plankton varies concomitantly with DIN : DIP (Geider and Roche 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nutrient dynamics and biological consumption in a large continental shelf system under the influence of both a river plume and coastal upwelling

Han

Dai

Kao

et al. 2012

Limnology & Oceanography

178

181

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We examined the dynamics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, nitrate + nitrite), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and silicate (Si(OH) 4 ) in the northern shelf of the South China Sea in summer, which is under a complex hydrodynamic scheme largely shaped by river plume and coastal upwelling, along with the enhanced biological consumption of nutrients therein. The Pearl River plume, with high nutrient concentrations (, 0.1-14.2 mmol L 21 for DIN, , 0.02-0.10 mmol L 21 for DIP, and , 0.2-18.9 mmol L 21 for Si(OH) 4 ), occupied a large area of the middle shelf (salinity , 33.5). The nearshore area had high nutrient concentrations apparently sourced from subsurface nutrient-replete waters through wind-driven coastal upwelling. These nutrient levels were significantly elevated relative to those on the oligotrophic outer shelf where DIN, DIP, and Si(OH) 4 concentrations dropped to , 0.1 mmol L 21 , , 0.02-0.03 mmol L 21, and , 2.0 mmol L 21, respectively. A three end-member mixing model was constructed based on potential temperature and salinity conservation to assess biological consumption of inorganic nutrients, which was denoted by D and defined by the deviation from conservative mixing. In the coastal upwelling zone and deep chlorophyll maximum layer, the nutrient uptake ratio DDIN : DDIP was 16.7, which is the classic Redfield ratio. In contrast, in the river plume the uptake ratio was 61.3 6 8.7. We believed that an alternative non-DIP source likely contributed to this higher DIN : DIP consumption ratio in the river plume regime. Meanwhile, Si(OH) 4 showed predominant consumption in the river plume and a combination of regeneration and consumption along the path of the coastal upwelling current.

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Unbalanced N:P ratios and nutrient stress controlling growth and toxin production of the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge

Cited by 58 publications

References 37 publications

MRP functional activity and character in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima

MRP functional activity and character in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima

Joint effect of freshwater plume and coastal upwelling on phytoplankton growth off the Changjiang River

Nutrient dynamics and biological consumption in a large continental shelf system under the influence of both a river plume and coastal upwelling

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