“…Project scope and design changes, Ground uncertainty, Project complexity, Site Surrounding problems, Site access, Level of design completion before the project start, Scope definition before a bid is invited, project type, project size, procurement method, type of SFoC Ismail et al, (2022),Tereshko and Rudskaya (2021),Riazi and Nawi (2018),Alfakhri et al, (2018),Guo et al, (2016). External Factors Bureaucracy in government agencies, Weather conditions, Technological advancement, Resource availability.…”