Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, was developed
originally for engineering applications. Since its early advancements, there has been a relentless
development in enthusiasm for this innovation in biomedical research. It allows for the fabrication
of structures with both complex geometries and heterogeneous material properties. Tissue engineering
using 3D bio-printers can overcome the limitations of traditional tissue engineering methods. It
can match the complexity and cellular microenvironment of human organs and tissues, which
drives much of the interest in this technique. However, most of the preliminary evaluations of 3Dprinted
tissues and organ engineering, including cardiac tissue, relies extensively on the lessons
learned from traditional tissue engineering. In many early examples, the final printed structures
were found to be no better than tissues developed using traditional tissue engineering methods. This
highlights the fact that 3D bio-printing of human tissue is still very much in its infancy and more
work needs to be done to realise its full potential. This can be achieved through interdisciplinary
collaboration between engineers, biomaterial scientists and molecular cell biologists. This review
highlights current advancements and future prospects for 3D bio-printing in engineering ex vivo
cardiac tissue and associated vasculature, such as coronary arteries. In this context, the role of biomaterials
for hydrogel matrices and choice of cells are discussed. 3D bio-printing has the potential
to advance current research significantly and support the development of novel therapeutics which
can improve the therapeutic outcomes of patients suffering fatal cardiovascular pathologies.