“…Some of these methods are drilling sub-wavelength holes in a sufficiently high refractive index substrate [4,6,7], suspension polymerization technique [8,9], dielectric layered shell deposition [10][11][12], ion-exchange method on optical glasses [13], parallel waveguide plate height modification for mode index alteration [14][15][16], modification of the guiding silicon substrate height [17,18], graded photonic crystals [19][20][21][22] and electron-beam lithography (EBL) [18,[23][24][25][26]. Alternatively, mushroom structures [27], bed of nails [28,29], holey structures [30] and non-uniform metallic patches over a dielectric layer [31] are tested and verified in the microwave regime to provide variable refractive index over a spatial region.…”