Ultraviolet Spectral Energy Distributions of Natural Sunlight and Accelerated Test Light Sources*

Hirt, R. C.; Schmitt, R. G.; Searle, N. D.; Sullivan, A. P.

doi:10.1364/josa.50.000706

Cited by 84 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Most of the ultraviolet component of sunlight that reaches the earth's surface has a wavelength between 293 and 400 nm. The total radiation energy at the surface of the earth in the 300 to 350 nm range is about onethird of that between 350 and 400 nm (Hirt et al 1960). For photoyellowing reactions indoors, it is worth noting that ordinary window glass filters out most of the radiation below about 315 nm (Hirt and Searle 1967) and that office papers when subjected to only fluorescent light are exposed to no radiation below about 350 nm (McGarry et al 2004).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Light-induced Yellowingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Light-Induced Yellowing of Lignocellulosic Pulps – Mechanisms and Preventive Methods

Paulsson¹,

Parkås²

2012

BioResources

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This review will focus on recent progress regarding the mechanisms of light-induced discoloration of mechanical and chemimechanical pulps and on the proposed preventive treatments. It is evident that the mechanisms behind photoyellowing of lignin-rich pulps are complex and that several types of reaction pathways may coexist. Photoyellowing proceeds via one initial fast phase and a slower following phase. The fast phase has been ascribed to oxidation of free phenolic groups and/or hydroquinones and catechols to photoproducts of mainly quinonoid character. A multitude of reactions involving several lignin subunits are possible. Important intermediates are phenoxyl radicals, and to some extent ketyl radicals. The importance of the phenacyl aryl ether pathway might be more important than previously thought, even though the original content of such groups is low in lignin. Even though many preventive methods against photoyellowing have been suggested, no cost-efficient treatment is available to hinder photoreversion of lignincontaining paper permanently. Suggested methods for stabilization include chemical modification (etherification and esterification), coating the paper product, addition of radical scavengers, excited state quenchers, or ultraviolet absorbing compounds.

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Section: Factors Affecting Light-induced Yellowingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Light-Induced Yellowing of Lignocellulosic Pulps – Mechanisms and Preventive Methods

Paulsson¹,

Parkås²

2012

BioResources

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“…At this transition point the air-water interface is no longer "free," but is immobilized by the film. This effect has been clearly demonstrated by experiments on the capillary wave damping by water-1 insoluble organic surface films [7] and measurements of the influence of surface film pressure on water surface temperature and convective processes near the interface [8].…”

Section: Rationale For Research With Experimental Slicks 'Imentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Hirt and coworkers (8) have recently repoirted measurements of the spectral energy distribution of many light sources and comparisons with sunlight. They conclude that the xenon arcs gave the best approximation when a suitable short-wavelength filter was used.…”

Section: Ri Experimental Equipment and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the emissivity of a planar water surface is not altered by the presence of a monomolecular layer of organic material [ 31], the cool-surface effect is produced by an immobilization of the near surface water by the relatively rigid surface film, thereby inhibiting convectional overturn of the water cooled by evaporation in the surface microlayer [8]. Warm signatures of natural sea slicks have not been observed by thermal infrared sensors, since they are not expected to retard evaporation to a significant extent.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Remote Sensing: Environmental Effects of Surface Films.

VA¹

1992

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“…The source data in the UV region are well tabulated for Sa and D65. To include a fluorescent lamp, F1, the output, suitably scaled, was modified using the data of Hirt et al (1960) in the UV region of the spectrum for a daylight fluorescent lamp. The energies in this region are small, but not insignificant for the cone receptors of the rat and mouse.…”

Section: Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculating luminous flux and lighting levels for domesticated mammals and birds

Saunders

Jarvis

Wathes

2008

Animal

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This paper considers whether photometric calculations using standard human spectral sensitivity data are satisfactory for applications with other species or whether it would be worthwhile to use bespoke spectral sensitivity functions for each species or group of species. Applications include the lighting of interior areas and the design of photometers. Published spectral sensitivity data for a number of domesticated animals (human, turkey, duck, chicken, cat, rat and mouse) were used to calculate lighting levels for each species and compared with those derived from standard CIE human photopic and scotopic functions. Calculations were made for spectral power distributions of daylight, incandescent light and 12 fluorescent sources commonly used to light interiors. The calculated lighting levels showed clear differences between species and the standard human. Assuming that the resulting effects on retinal illuminance determine the overall perception of the level of light, there may be applications where these differences are important. However, evidence is also presented that the magnitude of these inter-species effects are similar to, or smaller than, those arising from other optical, physiological and psychological factors, which are also likely to influence the resulting perception. It is also important to recognise that lighting-related parameters such as the good colour rendering of surfaces, the avoidance of glare from lamps and other factors that may be species related are sometimes of greater importance than the lighting levels. Our results suggest that a judicial choice of three spectral sensitivity functions would satisfy most circumstances. Firstly, where the overall sensitivity is maximal in the medium to long wavelengths, the standard CIE photopic function will suffice, chicken, turkey and duck fall in this category. Secondly, in a small number of cases where the sensitivity centres on the short to medium wavelengths, the CIE scotopic function should be used, e.g. for the scotopic cat, photopic rat and photopic mouse. Finally, where an animal is also sensitive to the UV region of the spectrum and there is a significant component of UV radiation, then an additional measure of the UV response should be included, as for the photopic rat and photopic mouse.

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Ultraviolet Spectral Energy Distributions of Natural Sunlight and Accelerated Test Light Sources*

Cited by 84 publications

References 3 publications

Review: Light-Induced Yellowing of Lignocellulosic Pulps – Mechanisms and Preventive Methods

Review: Light-Induced Yellowing of Lignocellulosic Pulps – Mechanisms and Preventive Methods

Remote Sensing: Environmental Effects of Surface Films.

Calculating luminous flux and lighting levels for domesticated mammals and birds

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