Ultraviolet spectral distribution and erythema-weighted irradiance from indoor tanning devices compared with solar radiation exposures

Ultrasensitive, Superhigh Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Self-Powered Solar-Blind Photodetector Based on n-Ga2O3/p-CuSCN Core–Shell Microwire Heterojunction

“…Figure a,c shows the on/off operation reproducibility in a large range of light intensities from 1.5 to 1000 μW/cm 2 at 1 V. No matter under strong or weak light intensities, the photodetector can instantaneously respond to the on/off transformation and can produce a significant photocurrent change to various light intensities, indicating a superhigh sensitivity and response speed. Especially, the photodetector possesses a high resolution on light intensity such that a subtle change of the light intensity as weak as 1.0 μW/cm 2 can be distinctly recognized, meeting greatly well the application requirements of the UV indicator because the resolution of the UV index is 2.5 μW/cm 2 . , Keeping 1000 μW/cm 2 illumination on the photodetector, the evolution of the transient response as a function of different bias voltages (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 V) is exhibited in Figure b. It is observed that the response is becoming large and gaining speed with increasing bias voltage as well as light intensity (the rise time and decay time under the influences of light intensities and bias voltages are concluded in Figures S5 and S6 of the Supporting Information, respectively), which is related to the increased drift velocity of photogenerated charge carriers at strong light intensity and suppressed recombination possibility at high bias voltage. ,, The response time constants of τ r1 and τ d1 at 5 V bias are estimated to be 62 and 35 ms, respectively (see Figure S6 in the Supporting Information).…”

“…Especially, the photodetector possesses a high resolution on light intensity such that a subtle change of the light intensity as weak as 1.0 μW/cm 2 can be distinctly recognized, meeting greatly well the application requirements of the UV indicator because the resolution of the UV index is 2.5 μW/cm 2 . 43,69 Keeping 1000 μW/cm 2 illumination on the photodetector, the evolution of the transient response as a function of different bias voltages (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 V) is exhibited in Figure 6b. It is observed that the response is becoming large and gaining speed with increasing bias voltage as well as light intensity (the rise time and decay time under the influences of light intensities and bias voltages are concluded in Figures S5 and S6 of the Supporting Information, respectively), which is related to the increased drift velocity of photogenerated charge carriers at strong light intensity and suppressed recombination possibility at high bias voltage.…”

UVR: sun, lamps, pigmentation and vitamin D

“…Another recent study shows that 52 tanning devices used regularly in Spanish facilities revealed a high variation in erythema-weighted irradiance, not the least in UV type 4 devices (29% of the sample), for which medical advice is required. 33…”

Ultraviolet exposure from indoor tanning devices as a potential source of health risks: Basic knowledge of the proper use of these devices for practical users, physicians and solarium staff

“…Stosunek UVB/UVA w solarium wynosi zazwyczaj 1:200, podczas gdy w promieniowaniu słonecznym 1:12,5 [24]. Podczas kontroli solariów w Hiszpanii w latach 2009--2014 porównywano częstość zastosowania lamp nisko-i wysokociśnieniowych [29]. Stwierdzono, że lampy niskociśnieniowe stanowiły aż 65% wszystkich lamp.…”

“…Podpisane przez użytkowników karty rejestracyjne, w których podany jest wiek, fototyp i harmonogram wizyt, przechowywane są w solariach przez 4 lata. W Hiszpanii solaria, w których kontrola potwierdzi przekroczenie wartości 0,3 W/m 2 , są zamykane i dopiero po poprawie bezpieczeństwa urządzenia oraz ponownej kontroli obiekt może się ponownie ubiegać o uzyskanie niezbędnej akredytacji pozwalającej na prowadzenie działalności [29].…”