Ultraviolet Radiation, Aging and the Skin: Prevention of Damage by Topical cAMP Manipulation

Abstract

Being the largest and most visible organ of the body and heavily influenced by environmental factors, skin is ideal to study long-term effects of aging. Throughout our lifetime, we accumulate damage generated by UV radiation. UV causes inflammation, immune changes, physical changes, impaired wound healing and DNA damage that promotes cellular senescence and carcinogenesis. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and among the malignancies of highest increasing incidence over the last several decades. Melanoma incidence is directly related to age, with highest rates in individuals over the age of 55 years, making it a clear age-related disease. In this review, we will focus on UV-induced carcinogenesis and photo aging along with natural protective mechanisms that reduce amount of “realized” solar radiation dose and UV-induced injury. We will focus on the theoretical use of forskolin, a plant-derived pharmacologically active compound to protect the skin against UV injury and prevent aging symptoms by up-regulating melanin production. We will discuss its use as a topically-applied root-derived formulation of the Plectranthus barbatus (Coleus forskolii) plant that grows naturally in Asia and that has long been used in various Aryuvedic teas and therapeutic preparations.

Elastin structure and its involvement in skin photoageing

“…UVB radiation is characterized as a mutagenic and cancer-inducing agent because it causes direct damage to the DNA. UVA radiation has a higher penetration rate, reaches the innermost skin layers and is mainly associated with oxidative stress, although recent studies have indicated a role in cancer development [20].…”

Fractionated Trapa japonica Extracts Inhibit ROS-induced Skin Inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes

“…이러한 현상은 피부 손상을 회복하기 위 해 세포내 물질을 분비하여 나타나는 일종의 면역 반 응이며, 크게 자외선 손상에 의한 피부염과 자극성 물 질에 의한 접촉피부염, 특이 물질에 의한 알레르기성 피부염으로 구분할 수 있다 [2,3]. 염증이 일어난 부위 에서는 홍반, 부종, 수포 및 열감과 소양증 등의 증상이 관찰되며 특히, 자외선에 의한 손상은 일광화상 등의 급성적인 염증 증상을 유발할 뿐만 아니라 세포 내에 서의 DNA 손상과 피부암 및 피부 노화를 초래한다 [4].…”

The mixture of glycitin and TDB (3-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-1-one) could ameliorate skin ageing by anti-wrinkle and anti-melanogenesis effects in dermal fibroblasts and melanocytes

“…UV exposure may result in visible signs of ageing in the skin. including dry appearance, scalping, wrinkling, impaired pigmentation, and photo-ageing that correlate with cancer risk (Amaro-Ortiz et al, 2014). The average age of melanoma diagnosis is about 55 years, and incidence varies worldwide from 5 to over 60 cases per 100,000 people per year (Brandao et al, 2013).…”