“…The peaks at 466.0 and 487.0 eV correspond to Ru x + 3p 3/2 and Ru x + 3p 1/2 , respectively. − Compared with O-RuNi@C-350, because of the electron transfer from Ni to Ru, the 3p 3/2 peaks of Ru 0 and Ru x+ in O-RuNi@C-400 negatively shifted by ∼0.81 and 0.41 eV, respectively. As shown in O 1s spectrum of O-RuNi@C-400 (Figure d), the peaks at ∼533.6, 531.9, and 530.2 eV correspond to C–O–C, CO, and Ni–O–C, respectively. , As shown in O 1s spectrum of Ni@C-400, we can see the Ni–O–C peak, but compared to O-RuNi@C-400, the Ni–O–C peak is relatively weak. It is also found that the Ni–O–C peak positively shifts as the carbonization temperature increases, while its intensity becomes stronger and then weaker.…”