Ultrathin 2D Inorganic Ancient Pigment Decorated 3D‐Printing Scaffold Enables Photonic Hyperthermia of Osteosarcoma in NIR‐II Biowindow and Concurrently Augments Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the primary malignant bone tumor. Despite therapeutic strategies including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been introduced into the war of fighting OS, the 5-year survival rate for patients still remains unchangeable for decades. Besides, the critical bone defects after surgery, drug-resistance and side effects also attenuate the therapeutic effects and predict poor prognosis. Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive attention featuring minimal invasiveness and high spatial-temporal precision characteristics. Herein, an ultrathin 2D inorganic ancient pigment Egyptian blue decorated 3D-printing scaffold (CaPCu) with profound PTT efficacy at the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow against OS and enhanced osteogenesis performance is successfully constructed. Importantly, this work uncovers the underlying biological mechanisms that genes associated with cell death, proliferation, and bone development are regulated by CaPCu-scaffold-based therapy. This work not only elucidates the fascinating clinical translation prospects of CaPCu-scaffold-based PTT against OS in NIR-II biowindow, but also demonstrates the potential mechanisms and offers a novel strategy to develop the next-generation, multifunctional tissue-engineering biomaterials.

Minimally invasive nanomedicine: nanotechnology in photo-/ultrasound-/radiation-/magnetism-mediated therapy and imaging

“…11h). 205 The obtained CaPCu scaffold exhibited excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, and no obvious cytotoxicity and immunogenicity were observed. Particularly, the NIR-II-activated photothermal effect of EB nanosheets could make the CaPCu scaffold destroy the disease lesion, while exhibiting a negligible heating effect in normal surrounding tissue, promoting bone tissue regeneration (Fig.…”

Bifunctional scaffolds for tumor therapy and bone regeneration: Synergistic effect and interplay between therapeutic agents and scaffold materials

“… [ 60 ] CaPCu scaffold CaCuSi 4 O 10 nanosheets CaCO 3 and PCL PTT H&E, Masson and Goldner trichrome stained photographs showed that CaPCu scaffolds acquired more new mineralized bone components. [ 61 ] Cu-TCPP-TCP scaffolds Cu-TCPP β -TCP PTT An infusion of Cu-TCPP-TCP scaffold upregulated the osteogenic differentiation-related genes. [ 48 ] Bifunctional scaffold Therapeutic agents Scaffold material Tumor therapy method Effect of therapeutic agents on osteogenesis Ref.…”

“…These therapeutic agents can affect osteogenic differentiation by modulating cellular signaling pathways after endocytosis [ 85 ]. Therapeutic agents include metal nanomaterials [ 61 , 62 , 68 , 73 , 81 ], carbon nanomaterials [ 47 , 64 , 65 , 73 , 86 ], BP [ 86 ], etc. In addition, the effect of thermal and magnetic stimulation on inducing osteogenic differentiation has also been included and discussed [ 69 , [87] , [88] , [89] ].…”

3D printed hydrogel scaffolds combining glutathione depletion-induced ferroptosis and photothermia-augmented chemodynamic therapy for efficiently inhibiting postoperative tumor recurrence

“…In particular, 3D printed scaffolds have attracted considerable attention because of their striking advantages in customizing precisely matched shapes according to the anatomical structure of the patient’s defect with the aid of CT scanning and reconstruction software [ 36 ]. Currently, scaffolds loading two or more agents with synergistic therapy have been fabricated focusing on the combination of chemotherapy [ 37 , 38 ], immunotherapy [ 39 – 44 ], photothermal therapy (PTT) [ 45 – 47 ], magnetothermal therapy [ 34 , 48 ], chemodynamic therapy (CDT) [ 49 – 51 ], and so on [ 52 ]. However, the composition of scaffolds with synergistic therapy is more complicated than single modality, and complex functionalization processes are required [ 53 , 54 ].…”