Ultrastructure of the Epimastigotes of the Fish Trypanosome Trypanosoma cobitis Mitrophanow 1883, in the Crop of the Leech Vector, Hemiclepsis marginata

Lewis, J. W.; Ball, S. J.

doi:10.2307/3280396

Cited by 14 publications

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“…However, only recently trypanosomes from South American (Brazilian) fish – the catfish H. luetkeni and H. affinis - were established in culture [ 23 ], despite the numerous reports of fish trypanosomes in Brazil. While there are many species descriptions based on Giemsa-stained bloodstream trypomastigote forms of fish trypanosomes [ 24 – 29 ], comparatively less is known about their ultrastructure, since only a few species were analysed at this level, either in culture [ 19 , 30 ], or in vivo , in fish [ 5 , 31 , 32 ] and leech samples [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species

et al. 2015

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BackgroundSeveral Trypanosoma species transmitted by leeches infect marine and freshwater fish worldwide. To date, all South American fish trypanosome species identified have been based on unreliable morphological parameters. We recently isolated and cultured trypanosomes from the Brazilian armoured catfishes Hypostomus luetkeni and H. affinis. Here, we report the first phylogenetic analyses of South American (Brazilian) trypanosomes isolated from fish, and from leeches removed from these fish. We also analysed morphologically and morphometrically the different forms of fish, leech and cultured trypanosomes.MethodsV7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian fish and leech trypanosomes. Trypanosomes from cultures, fish blood and leech samples were also characterized morphologically and morphometrically by light and electron microscopy.ResultsIn blood smears from fish high trypanosome prevalence (90–100 %) and parasitemia (0.9-1.0x102) were observed. Phylogenetic relationships using SSU rRNA and gGAPDH showed that, despite relevant sequence divergence, all Brazilian fish (and derived cultures) and leech trypanosomes clustered together into a single clade. The Brazilian clade clustered with European, North American and African fish trypanosomes. Based on sequence analysis, we uncovered a new species of Brazilian fish trypanosome, Trypanosoma abeli n. sp. Trypanosoma abeli cultures contained pleomorphic epimastigotes, small trypomastigotes and rare sphaeromastigotes. Ultrastructural features of T. abeli included a cytostome-cytopharynx complex in epi- and trypomastigotes, a compact rod-like kinetoplast, lysosome-related organelles (LROs) and multivesicular bodies. Trypanosomes found in fish blood smears and leech samples were highly pleomorphic, in agreement with sequence data suggesting that catfishes and leeches often have mixed trypanosome infections.ConclusionsTrypanosoma abeli n. sp. is the first trypanosome from South American fishes isolated in culture, positioned in phylogenetic trees and characterized at the ultrastructural level. Trypanosoma abeli n. sp. is highly prevalent in H. luetkeni and H. affinis armoured catfish from the Atlantic Forest biome, and in other catfish species from the Amazon and the Pantanal. Sequencing data suggested that Brazilian catfish often have mixed trypanosome infections, highlighting the importance of molecular characterization to identify trypanosome species in fishes and leeches.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species

et al. 2015

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“…Previous studies (Robertson 19 1 1 ; Lewis and Ball 1979;Letch 1980) found no evidence of attachment of trypanosomes within the proboscis sheath of the leech vector. Attachment of T. phaleri in the proboscis sheath probably prevented premature discharge of metatrypanosomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Attachment of T. cobitis in H. marginata was by interdigitation of the swollen flagellar tip with mucosal microvilli; no hemidesmosomes were observed (Lewis and Ball 1979). Similarly, the flagellar tip of T. rotatorium (Mayer) (from frogs) interdigitated with microvilli of Desserobdella picta (Verrill), and hemidesmosomes were evident (Desser 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and infectivity of Trypanosoma phaleri in leech and fish hosts

Jones¹,

Woo²

1991

Can. J. Zool.

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Trypanosoma phaleri underwent cyclopropagative development in the gut of the leech Desserobdella phalera. Dividing sphaeromastigotes and epimastigotes preceded nondividing, elongate, slender trypomastigotes. The latter forms migrated from the crop to the proboscis sheath, shortened, and acquired infectivity. Metatrypanosomes from the proboscis sheath but not those from the crop were infective. The flagellum of short metatrypanosomes penetrated the cuticular lining of the proboscis sheath. Proboscis-sheath infections were first detected 9 days after an infective blood meal in 2 of 10 leeches incubated at 13 °C and after 2 days in 1 of 10 leeches incubated at 20 °C. In the former group, 3 of 10 leeches had proboscis-sheath infections after 11 days whereas in the latter group, 9 of 10 leeches had proboscis-sheath infections after 5 days. Metatrypanosomes did not reinvade the proboscis sheath when infected leeches fed on uninfected Amia calva but did so if the subsequent blood meal was infective. Developmental stages were not detected in 49 leeches that fed on A. calva with infections of 24 and 48 h but were detected in 4 of 27 leeches that fed on A. calva with 72-h infections.

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“…Desser also observed that the presence of the trypanosome caused loss of microvilli in the gastric caecum and our observation suggests that this could also occur in the ventriculus of Gerris infected with B. gerridis. Lewis and Ball (1979) also described the attachment of a trypanosome ( T . cobitis) to the crop wall of a leech where the flagella of the parasite was modified to interdigitate itself over several microvilli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ultrastructure and host–parasite association of Blastocrithidia gerridis in the ventriculus of Gerris odontogaster (Gerridae: Hemiptera)

Tieszen¹,

Heywood²,

Molyneux³

1983

Can. J. Zool.

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Blastocrithidia gerridis the type species of the genus Blastocrithidia is parasitic in the gut of bugs of the genus Gerris. The ultrastructure and host–parasite relationship of the epimastigote stages of B. gerridis in the ventriculus of Gerris odontogaster are described. The ultrastructure is typical of other kinetoplastid flagellates but the elongated epimastigotes in the lumen of the ventriculus possess armlike protrusions of the plasma membrane. Intense infections are found in the ventriculus and masses of parallel orientated flagellates are attached to each other by their flagella and to the ventriculus epithelium by interdigitation with microvilli. Parasites and flagella are also wedged in folds of epithelium. Where the epithelium has lost microvilli junctional complexes between flagella and epithelial cell plasma membranes occur but no junctional complexes are observed between flagella and microvilli. A comparison is made between these mechanisms and those described previously for other trypanosomatid–insect or leech associations. The possibility of mixed infections of kinetoplastid flagellates in Gerris is discussed which reinforces the need for a study of the origin or source of promastigote and amastigote organisms found in Gerris species.

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Ultrastructure of the Epimastigotes of the Fish Trypanosome Trypanosoma cobitis Mitrophanow 1883, in the Crop of the Leech Vector, Hemiclepsis marginata

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species

Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species

Development and infectivity of Trypanosoma phaleri in leech and fish hosts

Ultrastructure and host–parasite association of Blastocrithidia gerridis in the ventriculus of Gerris odontogaster (Gerridae: Hemiptera)

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