Ultrastructure of growth cones in the cerebellar cortex of the neonatal rat and cat

Kawana, Etsuro; Sandri, C.; Akert, K.

doi:10.1007/bf00391129

Cited by 89 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…4D-G) layers, VGAT-positive vesicles were detected at the axon varicosities between VGAT-negative axons (Fig. 4C, F) and growth cones which included large vacuoles and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (De Cerro and Snider, 1968;Kawana et al, 1971) (Fig. 4A, B, D, E).…”

Section: First Postnatal Weekmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…3C-F), dendrites, axons and terminal like structures of Golgi cells were densely labeled. In addition, GABA was localized within growth cones (GC) which contained large vacuoles and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (De Cerro and Snider, 1968;Kawana et al, 1971) (Fig. 3D).…”

Section: First Postnatal Weekmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GABA-immunolabeling was detected in the axons (arrows) and growth cones (GC) containing vacuoles (v) (De Cerro and Snider, 1968;Kawana et al, 1971). At the developing synaptic glomeruli, GABA was localized in the terminal like structures (Ga) and dendrites (Gd) of Golgi cells, but granule cells (Gr) were negative.…”

Section: Figure3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extrasynaptic localization of GABA in the developing mouse cerebellum

Takayama

Inoue

2004

Neuroscience Research

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In the adult brain, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synaptically released and mediates inhibitory transmission. Recent studies have revealed that GABA is a trophic factor for brain development. To reveal the distribution of GABA and its secretion mechanisms during brain development, we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of two molecules, GABA and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), which is a GABAergic vesicle protein, in the developing mouse cerebellum by means of newly developed antibodies.Furthermore, we tested the relationship between developmental changes in distribution of above two molecules in the presynapses and ontogeny of GABAergic synapses. GABAergic synapses were detected by immunohistochemistry for the GABA A receptor α1 subunit, which is an essential subunit for inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mature cerebellar cortex.Until postnatal day 7 (P7), GABA was localized throughout the GABAergic neurons, and VGAT accumulated at axon varicosities and growth cones, where the α1 subunit did not accumulate. After P10, both GABA and VGAT became confined to the terminal sites where the α1 subunit was localized. These results suggested that GABA was extrasynaptically released from axon varicosities and growth cones by vesicular secretion 'exocytosis' and from all parts of GABAergic neurons during the cerebellar development by non-vesicular secretion 'diacrine'.

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Section: First Postnatal Weekmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: First Postnatal Weekmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extrasynaptic localization of GABA in the developing mouse cerebellum

Takayama

Inoue

2004

Neuroscience Research

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“…Numerous morphological studies of growth cones in vivo and in vitro (for example, references 3,4,15,21,24,26,27) have revealed a relatively consistent ultrastructure. The growing tip consists of a bulbous enlargement or varicosity from which several to many fine fingerlike filopodia extend.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The varicosity usually contains agranular reticulum, clear vesicles and vacuoles, coated vesicles, large dense-cored vesicles, mitochondria, microtubules, microfilaments, and lysomal structures, whereas the filopodia possess only a microfilamentous network and occasional membranous elemerits. Synaptic vesicles are not generally thought to be present in growth cones until after the acquisition of membrane specializations by the primitive synaptic contacts (3,15,21,26,27). It is difficult, however, to distinguish synaptic vesicles from other smooth membranous elements in the growth cone in the absence of membrane specializations or a cytochemical marker.…”

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confidence: 99%

Growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain adrenergic vesicles.

Landis¹

1978

The Journal of Cell Biology

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The growth cones of dissociated rat sympathetic neurons developing in culture were fixed with potassium permanganate to visualize vesicular stores of norepinephrine through the formation of granular precipitates. It was found that growth cones contain numerous small granular vesicles (SGV) 40-60 nm in diameter. The majority of the SGV was present in the varicosity of the growth cone but SGV also occurred in filopodia. The SGV appeared in clusters or scattered throughout the varicosity. Treatment of the cultured neurons, before fixation, with reserpine, which depletes catecholamine stores by blocking uptake into vesicles, resulted in the presence of small clear vesicles. In contrast, growth cones of nonadrenergic sensory neurons dissociated from dorsal root ganglia and fixed with permanganate lacked SGV and possessed small clear vesicles. These observations indicate that the growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain norepinephrine, suggest that the norepinephrine is stored in synaptic vesicles, and raise the question whether this transmitter plays a role in early axontarget cell interactions during synapse formation.

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Myotome and early neurogenesis in chick embryos

King

Munger

1990

Anat. Rec.

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The present study was undertaken in order to verify the identification of profiles of presumptive growth cones in vivo. The developing spinal nerves of chick embryos were studied by light and electron microscopy. We traced the onset of efferent and afferent innervation of the myotome in 2- to 4-day-old chick embryos in order to be sure that we were examining the growing tips of axons. In the process of studying these growing axons, we were able to observe some unique relationships of neural tube, myotome, and differentiating spinal nerves. The neural tube tightly abuts the myotome in Hamburger and Hamilton's (HH) stage 14 chick embryos and cytoplasmic projections from the myotome directly abut the neural tube. The first ventral roots could be identified in HH stage 15 embryos and dorsal roots in HH stage 16 embryos, both under 2 1/2 days of age. The advancing spinal nerve courses toward the anterior or cranial half of the myotome, and growth cones directly contact the medial wall of the myotome. The spinal nerves continue to abut tightly the myotome during the succeeding day of embryonic life, and growth cones enter the substance of the myotome by 3 days, or HH stage 19 embryos. These dorsolaterally directed axons will form the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerves and the ventral ramus continues to be contiguous with the myotome. Invasion of the myotome by axons (putative innervation), and thus innervation of myotomal cells in the 3-day chick embryos, was a totally unexpected finding. The myotome and its potential derivatives thus have extensive neural contact by 3 days of embryonic life in the chick. These findings document a parallel differentiation of afferent and efferent elements of the nervous system and confirm previous accounts identifying growth cones in an intact organism. These findings suggest that afferent as well as efferent nerves may have critical roles in the differentiation of the mesodermal as well as ectodermal derivatives.

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Ultrastructure of growth cones in the cerebellar cortex of the neonatal rat and cat

Cited by 89 publications

References 25 publications

Extrasynaptic localization of GABA in the developing mouse cerebellum

Extrasynaptic localization of GABA in the developing mouse cerebellum

Growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain adrenergic vesicles.

Myotome and early neurogenesis in chick embryos

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