Ultrastructure of articular cartilage of mice of various ages

Silberberg, Ruth; Silberberg, Martin; Vogel, A; Wettstein, Wally

doi:10.1002/aja.1001090304

Cited by 59 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of human (18,22,24,(53)(54)(55), guinea pig (26), mouse (23,56,57), and rabbit (17,19) articular cartilage have confirmed this pattern ( Figures 4A, 4B, and 5). I n the immediate vicinity of cells, collagen fibrils sweep in capsular fashion about the lacunae ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Diagram Of the Fibrous Architecture Of Human Articular Cartimentioning

confidence: 53%

“…This same coating may be responsible for partially obscuring the predominant 640 A periodicity of the mature collagen fibrils. Within the various species studied, collagen fiber diameter was noted to increase with age (14,15,23) as well as with cartilage depth (21,24,53,54).…”

Section: Diagram Of the Fibrous Architecture Of Human Articular Cartimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T h e diameter of the microfibrillar unit in articular cartilage varies with the species, the age of the individual, and the depth of cartilage. In general these collagen fibril diameters vary from 10 nm to over 100 nm (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). T h e typical banded pattern associated with collagen microfibrils results from the quarter stagger of the individual collagen molecules.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Review of articular cartilage collagen research

Lane

Weiss

1975

Arthritis & Rheumatism

145

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Recent advances in collagen methodology have now permitted a detailed investigation of this major structural protein of articular cartilage. Collagen structure, metabolism, antl morphology have been extensively studied in "soft" connective tissues (1,Z). Tlie difficulty of collagen extraction from cartilage and bone has prevented its characterization in "hard" connective tissues until recently (3). Since September 3, 1974; accepted May 5, 1975. in the rapidly progressing field of articular cartilage collagen research.Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue consisting of relatively small numbers of cells distributed throughout abundant extracellular matrix. T h e biophysical properties of articular cartilage that allow joints to serve as bearings in locomotion are in part related to tlie unique composition of tlie extracellular matrix. Collagen constitutes approximately 10% of the wet and 50y0 of the dry weight of cartilage (5). Noncollagenous material constitutes approximately the other 507, of the dry mass of articular cartilage matrix, of which the bulk is in the form of heterogenous proteoglycan complexes (6). Rather than being a single compound, the proteoglycans comprise multiple compounds that differ from each other in their sulfate content, amino acicl sequence of the peptide core, glycosaminoglycan composition, and side chain length.T h e biomaterial properties of the cartilage are a consequence of the interaction of the collagen and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. T h e chain extensions of the proteoglycans antl the electrostatic charges provide the molecular basis for consequent mechanical matrix stiffness (7). Tlie inability of the sulfate moieties to diffuse away from the glycosaminoglycan side chains influences the partition of water and diffusible electrolytes (8,9). T h e interaction of the proteoglycan with collagen is necessary for them to behave like gels (7). Whether the interaction is chem-

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Section: Diagram Of the Fibrous Architecture Of Human Articular Cartimentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Diagram Of the Fibrous Architecture Of Human Articular Cartimentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Review of articular cartilage collagen research

Lane

Weiss

1975

Arthritis & Rheumatism

145

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“…Whereas in the newborn the collagen fibers are randomly oriented (67,68), during maturation they gradually align according to the zonal architecture shown in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Study Of the Maturation Of Pig Articular Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Multinuclear NMR and microscopic MRI studies of the articular cartilage nanostructure

Shinar

Navon

2006

NMR in Biomedicine

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Studies of the structure of articular cartilage by a number of NMR spectroscopic and imaging techniques are reviewed. Advantage is taken of the fact that the NMR investigations can be done non-invasively on the intact tissue and do not require sectioning, slicing and decalcification as in the case of electron microscopy. The different contributions to 1 H T 2 relaxation are described and it is pointed out that ignoring the biexponential behavior of the transverse relaxation can lead to serious errors in the proton density measurements and the T 2 characterization of the articular cartilage. A way to slow the transverse relaxation and to minimize its angular dependence by the use of dipolar echo is described. 2 H double quantum filtered spectroscopic MRI is a powerful technique to follow the orientation and density of the collagen fibers in articular cartilage. Using this technique, it was found that attachment of the cartilage to the bone has a stabilizing effect on the collagen matrix and that the hydroxyapatite in the calcified zone resides near the collagen fibers but does not contribute to their order. In response to mechanical pressure, it was shown that the collagen fibers flatten near the surface and become crimped near the bone. A number of NMR techniques have been described for the measurement of 23 Na residual quadrupolar interaction. It was found that this can serve as a very sensitive measure of the depletion of proteoglycans. Finally, a combination of the above techniques was used to study a maturation of articular cartilage in pigs. The increased order and density of the collagen fibers from newborn to adult pigs revealed itself as a shortening of T 2 and significant increase of the residual quadrupolar interaction of both 2 H and 23 Na nuclei.

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“…Current knowledge of these larger irregularities has been thoroughly reviewed by Gardner & McGillivray (1971) and, more recently, by Bloebaum & Radley (1995). A second type of roughness includes much smaller irregularities visible by TEM at magnifications between 5000 and 60 000 times (Silberberg et al 1961 ;Barnett et al 1963 ;Weiss et al 1968 ;Bullough & Goodfellow, 1971 ;Stanescu & Leibovitch, 1982 ;Jurvelin et al 1985 ;Laver-Rudich & Silbermann, 1985 ;Orford & Gardner, 1985). At these magnifications, the surface usually appears rough and this roughness increases with age and\or degeneration.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

et al. 1999

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The friction coefficients measured in diarthrodial joints are small. Theories of joint lubrication attribute this efficiency to entrapment or movement of synovial fluid, yet anatomical models of the surface are based on studies of isolated fragments of cartilage, not functional joints. To investigate the functional interrelationship of joint surfaces and synovial fluid, the ultrastructure of loaded joints was examined. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbit knee joints were loaded either statically or moved ex vivo using simulated muscle forces and then plunge-frozen under load. After fixation in the frozen\loaded state by freeze-substitution fixation, the medial joint compartments were embedded in epoxy resin while still articulated. Bone was trimmed away from the articular surfaces, permitting the cartilage to be sectioned for light and electron microscopy. These joint surfaces were then compared with controls which were not loaded, not moved or had been disarticulated prior to embedding. Articular surfaces of loaded joints were smooth at magnifications from i35 to i7500, whereas the tibial surfaces of nonloaded joints were irregular. Small pools of joint fluid were observed at the meniscal edge and beneath the anterior horn of the meniscus. At magnifications of i40 000, the joint surfaces were separated by a uniform 100 nm space containing fluid. An amorphous, electron dense articular surface lamina was present but, when loaded, was thicker and flatter than previously reported. No surface pits or bumps were visible in embedded, loaded joints. This is the first ultrastructural study of intact loaded joints. The findings suggest that fluid film lubrication is present in diarthrodial joints, but the fluid sequestration postulated in several models is not apparent.

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Ultrastructure of articular cartilage of mice of various ages

Cited by 59 publications

References 14 publications

Review of articular cartilage collagen research

Review of articular cartilage collagen research

Multinuclear NMR and microscopic MRI studies of the articular cartilage nanostructure

The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

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