Ultrastructure of Alzheimer Type Ii Glia in Hepatocerebral Disease

Horita, N.; Matsushita, M.; Ishii, Tsuyoshi; Oyanagi, Shinsaku; Sakamoto, K.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1981.tb00079.x

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Most of the glycogen in the brain resides in astrocytes [6,19]. It is of interest that in many of the pathological conditions where astrocyte swelling occurs, there is also an increase in glycogen content, including traumatic brain injury [5,19,39,44], ischemia and stroke [16,24], radiation injury [30,38,41], experimental hepatic encephalopathy [43], chronic hepatocerebral degeneration [23], experimental allergic encephalomyelitis [14], and Creutzfeldt±Jacob disease [26,32,42]. These in vivo reports again serve to illustrate the association between astroglial swelling and glycogen content, although the precise timing of these events is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between cell swelling and glycogen content in cultured astrocytes

Dombro

Bender

Norenberg

2000

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Treatment of cultured rat astrocytes with hypotonic media or with 1 mM glutamate for 90 min caused cell swelling and a significant increase in glycogen content. Conversely, treatment with hypertonic media caused cell shrinkage with a corresponding decrease in astrocyte glycogen, which was proportional to the increasing osmolality of the hypertonic media. The glutamate receptor antagonist, MK-801, lowered both the glutamate-induced swelling and glycogen increase. These findings demonstrate a correlation between changes in cell volume and astrocyte glycogen content. This may explain the increased astrocytic glycogen observed in many neuropathological conditions where astrocyte swelling occurs. Because glycogen represents the largest energy reserve in the central nervous system, a swelling-induced disturbance in glycogen metabolism may lead to abnormal glial-neuronal interactions resulting in impaired brain bioenergetics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between cell swelling and glycogen content in cultured astrocytes

Dombro

Bender

Norenberg

2000

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…Some structural alterations have been associated with the deleterious effects of hyperammonemia. Astrocytes which are metabolically hyperactive, appeared to undergo histological changes in hyperammonemic brain [11,12]. Some studies have reported that the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission might be directly affected by ammonia toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological changes of cortical pyramidal neurons in hepatic encephalopathy

et al. 2014

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BackgroundHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with acute and chronic liver diseases. It includes a number of neuropsychiatric disturbances including impaired motor activity and coordination, intellectual and cognitive function.ResultsIn the present study, we used a chronic rat HE model by ligation of the bile duct (BDL) for 4 weeks. These rats showed increased plasma ammonia level, bile duct hyperplasia and impaired spatial learning memory and motor coordination when tested with Rota-rod and Morris water maze tests, respectively. By immunohistochemistry, the cerebral cortex showed swelling of astrocytes and microglia activation. To gain a better understanding of the effect of HE on the brain, the dendritic arbors of layer V cortical pyramidal neurons and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were revealed by an intracellular dye injection combined with a 3-dimensional reconstruction. Although the dendritic arbors remained unaltered, the dendritic spine density on these neurons was significantly reduced. It was suggested that the reduction of dendritic spines may be the underlying cause for increased motor evoked potential threshold and prolonged central motor conduction time in clinical finding in cirrhosis.ConclusionsWe found that HE perturbs CNS functions by altering the dendritic morphology of cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, which may be the underlying cause for the motor and intellectual impairments associated with HE patients.

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“…Nuclear glycogen synthase activity was also detected in the Ehrlich-Lettré subline (Granzow et al 1981;Kopun et al 1982). In the brain, intranuclear glycogen deposits have been observed in the abnormal astrocytes of Alzheimer's disease (Horita et al 1981;Miyakawa et al 1982) and in the pituicytes of aged rats (Lafarga et al 1991). Nuclear polyglucosan was also reported in a neuronal cell culture model of GBE deficiency (Kakhlon et al 2013).…”

Section: Nuclear Glycogenmentioning

confidence: 81%