Ultrastructural changes in the hypopharyngeal glands of worker honey bees infected by Nosema apis

Wang, Der-I; Moeller, F. E.

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(71)90002-4

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Infection of workers by N. apis retards or inhibits development of the pharyngeal salivary (33), compromising the feeding of young larvae. A fairly high proportion of the eggs laid by the queen of a colony suffering from nosemosis fail to produce pupae, while artificially infected pupae are resistant to infection (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcome of Colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae

Martín-Hernández

Meana

Prieto³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

429

426

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A multiplex PCR-based method, in which two small-subunit rRNA regions are simultaneously amplified in a single reaction, was designed for parallel detection of honeybee microsporidians (Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae). Each of two pairs of primers exclusively amplified the 16S rRNA targeted gene of a specific microsporidian. The multiplex PCR assay was useful for specific detection of the two species of microsporidians related to bee nosemosis, not only in purified spores but also in honeybee homogenates and in naturally infected bees. The multiplex PCR assay was also able to detect coinfections by the two species. Screening of bee samples from Spain, Switzerland, France, and Germany using the PCR technique revealed a greater presence of N. ceranae than of N. apis in Europe, although both species are widely distributed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcome of Colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae

Martín-Hernández

Meana

Prieto³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

429

426

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“…An elevated hunger could also increase foraging rates, thus increasing the potential for horizontal transmission of the pathogen via flowers (Colla et al, 2006;Durrer and Schmid-Hempel, 1994). One could also speculate that the precocious foraging observed in Nosema infected bees is partly driven by hunger in addition to the physiological changes associated with the atrophy of the hypopharengeal gland (Hassanein, 1953;Wang and Moeller, 1971). If Nosema infected bees are indeed hungrier, the riskier foraging observed for such bees (Woyciechowski and Kozlowski, 1998) could be an outcome of the energy budget rule of Risk Sensitivity Theory (Stephens and Krebs, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infected bees are known to have lower levels of protein, resulting in a reduced hypopharengeal gland (Malone and Gatehouse, 1998;Wang and Moeller, 1970;Wang and Moeller, 1971), as well as altered fatty acid composition in the hemolymph (Roberts, 1968). It has been less commonly suggested that Nosema also uses carbohydrates from the epithelial cells of the honeybee gut lining (Higes et al, 2007;Liu, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection

Mayack

Naug

2009

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

332

295

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“…Nosema-infected workers less frequently attend the queen but more often perform guard duty than healthy workers (Wang and Moeller, 1970). Infected workers also have less developed hypopharyngeal glands (Hassanein, 1952;Wang and Moeller, 1969;Wang and Moeller, 1971) and their gland secretion is diluted (Liu, 1990). Nosema attacks the epithelial cells of the mid-gut of the imago, and markedly shortens worker longevity (Hassanein, 1953;Rinderer and Sylvester, 1978;Malone and Giacon, 1996;Mattila and Otis, 2006;Woyciechowski and Moroń, 2009).…”

Section: Influence Of Diseases Poisoning Injury and Other Harmful Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shorter-lived workers start foraging earlier

Tofilski

2009

Insect. Soc.

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In social insects it is often observed that young workers perform tasks inside the nest and later switch to tasks outside the nest. By doing this the workers maximize their expected longevity, because tasks inside the nest are safe and tasks outside the nest are risky. The optimal strategy of workers should be expected to depend not only on their age but also on their health status if it is associated with reduction of longevity. Here a mathematical model is used to calculate the optimal time of switching between safe and risky tasks in a colony consisting of both healthy and unhealthy workers. The model predicts that unhealthy workers, with shorter longevity, should perform more risky tasks at an earlier age than their healthy nest mates should. The optimal time to switch between safe and risky tasks depends on the proportion of healthy and unhealthy workers in the colony, but the workers need not perceive the health status of their nest mates in order to adopt the optimal strategy. The workers need only perceive their own life expectancy, because the life expectancy of healthy and unhealthy workers should be the same at the time of switching from safe to risky tasks. The model predictions agree with a wide range of empirical data presented in this paper. Workers that are infected, poisoned, injured or affected by other harmful factors start to forage and perform other risky tasks at an earlier age than their healthy nest mates.

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Ultrastructural changes in the hypopharyngeal glands of worker honey bees infected by Nosema apis

Cited by 39 publications

References 11 publications

Outcome of Colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae

Outcome of Colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae

Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection

Shorter-lived workers start foraging earlier

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