Ultrastructural Changes in the Deep Cortical Pyramidal Cells of Infant Rats with Inherited Hydrocephalus and the Effect of Shunt Treatment

Boillat, Colette; Jones, Hazel C.; Kaiser, Georges L.; Harris, Neil G.

doi:10.1006/exnr.1997.6617

Cited by 42 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 45 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Hydrocephalus can develop by spread of blood through the ventricular system with CSF circulation impaired at various stages from physical obstruction at the foramen of Munro to the toxic effects of blood breakdown products at the arachnoid granulations. The higher pressure can cause cerebral white matter injury by ischemia, altered energy metabolism and demyelination [16,37,38,39]. The association between severity of IVH and the likelihood of developing hydrocephalus among our patients has been consistently described by other studies [18, 40, 41].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Functional Outcomes among Premature Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: This work evaluated the mortality and functional outcomes of premature infants sustaining intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). These outcomes were analyzed for their association with IVH severity, development of hydrocephalus and need for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of neonates at the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario who sustained IVH (1989–2005). Logistic regression tested demographic predictors of IVH severity, development of hydrocephalus and mortality. χ² analysis differentiated functional outcomes and mortality by IVH grade, development of hydrocephalus and intervention for cerebrospinal fluid diversion. All analyses used the 0.05 significance level. Results: Data were available for 284 patients with an average follow-up of 5.1 years. These were distributed as grade I (n = 135), grade II (n = 52), grade III (n = 43) and grade IV (n = 54), with lower gestational age and birth weight predicting disease severity. Hydrocephalus developed in 21% of patients, of whom 39% required VP shunt insertion. Overall mortality of 20% depended on IVH grade and was highest for grade IV patients (59%). Functional independence diminished with IVH severity, and patients with hydrocephalus fared worse than those without this sequel. Outcomes of patients developing hydrocephalus were similar whether or not they eventually required VP shunt insertion. Conclusions: This study describes a large cohort of neonatal IVH, describing how disease severity affects mortality and functional outcome. The overall mortality of nearly 1 in 5 patients is primarily of grade IV patients, with no difference between grade II and grade III. Further, patients surviving their hydrocephalus exhibited no worse functional deterioration if they required surgical intervention.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Functional Outcomes among Premature Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is consistent with mild ultrastructural changes seen at this age (Boillat et al, 1997). Shunt treatment carried out at this age resulted in normal metabolites by 21 days, with the exception of another membrane phosphomonoester, PEtn, (Harris et al, 1996b.…”

Section: Reversibility Of Changessupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This suggests that the reduced concentration of energy metabolites leads to a breakdown of cell osmoregulation, probably through a reduction in membrane ion homeostasis through a trauma-induced inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase (Clendenon et al, 1978). In support of this, we have shown that the hydrocephalus is accompanied by an increase in Na and Cl ion concentration and a decrease in K (Jones and Andersohn, 1996), and by electron microscopy we have demonstrated that the cortical pyramidal cells have edematous cytoplasmic organdíes and swollen neuronal processes (Boillat et al, 1997).…”

Section: Sequential Changes In Hydrocephalusmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…This may have implications for effective shunt treatment. We have chosen here to represent the brain chemicals in relation to tissue dry weight for two reasons; first, it is known that brain water content decreases with age, coincidental with cellular maturation and a decrease in the extracellular space (Donaldson and Hatai, 1931;Vernadakis and Woodbury, 1962;Johanson and Woodbury, 1974) and second, brain tissue water content increases in hydrocephalus Hochwald et al, 1975) due to an increase in the extracellular space (McLone et al, 1973) and/or intracellular swelling (Boillat et al, 1997). Thus, changes in metabolite concentration with age or hydrocephalus could be confounded unless allowance is made for the water content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Progressive Changes in Cortical Metabolites at Three Stages of Infantile Hydrocephalus Studied byIn VitroNMR Spectroscopy

Jones

Harris²,

Rocca³

et al. 1997

Journal of Neurotrauma

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Infantile hydrocephalus is most often caused by an obstruction in the cerebrospinal fluid flow pathway and results in ventricular dilatation and chronic trauma to the surrounding brain. Surgical treatment alleviates the condition but does not cure or prevent neurological deficits. The H-Tx rat has severe hydrocephalus due to a spontaneous aqueduct obstruction in late gestation. In order to determine how hydrocephalus affects brain metabolism in tissue adjacent to the expanded ventricles, cortical extracts have been made from groups of hydrocephalic and control littermates with early, intermediate, and advanced hydrocephalus at 4, 11, and 21 days after birth. Extracts were analyzed with 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and metabolite peaks were quantified using an external standard. Metabolite concentrations were calculated relative to tissue wet weight and subsequently expressed relative to tissue dry weight, using values for water content obtained from additional groups of rats. In early hydrocephalus there was a significant decrease in the phosphomonoester phosphorylcholine, and there were small, nonsignificant changes in other compounds. By 11 days, in addition to phosphomonoesters, there were significant decreases in ATP, phosphocreatine, and in inorganic phosphate, but with no change in lactate. By 21 days there were also substantial decreases in cholines, inositol, creatine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, N-acetylaspartate, alanine, and taurine. It is concluded that the sequence of pathological events starts with changes in membrane lipids. This is followed by reductions in energy metabolite which leads to cell swelling with loss of intracellular osmolytes and neurotransmitters. These changes are discussed in relation to hydrocephalus pathophysiology and to prevention and reversibility with shunt treatment.

show abstract

“…ICP control is the mainstay of hydrocephalic management and neuronal recovery can occur if ICP is restored to the normal range in the early stages of the disease process (Aoyama et al 2006). The magnitude of neuronal restoration in hydrocephalus is known to be inversely proportional to the duration of pressure elevation, suggesting that the phenomenon of neuronal tolerance to irreversible injury is lost over time (Boillat et al 1997). In contrast to hydrocephalus, normalisation of ICP remains a controversial issue in the management of TBI (Adamides et al 2006), implying that pathogenic factors apart from ICP elevation are important in mediating neuronal damage in this condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase following pressure-induced insult to the optic nerve

Balaratnasingam

Morgan

et al. 2009

Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. In this paper we use the pig optic nerve, a typical central white matter tract, to study the time-dependent sequence of NOS isoform change following pressure elevation. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT TITLE: PROTECTIVE ROLE OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE FOLLOWING PRESSURE-INDUCED INSULT TO THE OPTIC NERVE AuthorsThe timing of NOS isoform change in relationship to structural and functional changes to axons and glial cells is also discussed. This study demonstrates that endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS), an enzyme that plays a protective role in the CNS, is up-regulated in a time-dependent manner after pressure elevation.ecNOS levels increase after axonal and astrocyte injury, suggesting that it might be a compensatory response that is initiated in an effort to preserve CNS function.Inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS), which are known to have a deleterious effect on the CNS, were not detected in this study. The increase in ecNOS demonstrated in this study is significantly different to the increase in iNOS and nNOS previously demonstrated following traumatic brain injury. Changes in ecNOS levels may therefore be important in the development of neuronal tolerance in the early stages of CNS diseases such as hydrocephalus. 3A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT IntroductionRaised intracranial pressure (ICP), which is commonly associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hydrocephalus, can have a deleterious impact on central nervous system (CNS) structure and function (Prins et al. 1996;Sainte-Rose C 1996).Neuronal cytoskeleton disruption and axonal transport alteration, which are hallmarks of CNS injury, have been demonstrated in the early stages of both TBI and hydrocephalus (Chovanes et al. 1988;Aoyama et al. 2006;Kupina et al. 2003).However, the neuronal prognosis and long term neurological morbidity for each of these conditions is known to be vastly different. ICP control is the mainstay of A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTIn this paper we report time-dependent NOS isoform changes following pressure elevation using optic nerves where axonal transport, cytoskeleton protein and astrocyte changes have been previously documented. Our experimental design has allowed us to correlate the sequence of neuronal and glial cell changes with individual NOS isoform changes following pressure elevation. By comparing changes between regions of absolute pressure increase and regions of pressure gradient increase we have also been able to determine the influence of important phy...

show abstract

Ultrastructural Changes in the Deep Cortical Pyramidal Cells of Infant Rats with Inherited Hydrocephalus and the Effect of Shunt Treatment

Cited by 42 publications

References 45 publications

Functional Outcomes among Premature Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Functional Outcomes among Premature Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Progressive Changes in Cortical Metabolites at Three Stages of Infantile Hydrocephalus Studied byIn VitroNMR Spectroscopy

Protective role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase following pressure-induced insult to the optic nerve

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About