Ultrastructural changes in myotendinous nerve endings induced by injection of botulinum toxin into the extraocular muscle

Suh, Young Woo; Uhm, Chang Sub; Cho, Yoonae A.

doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1513-8

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…23 Although botulinum toxin type A is often used as an alternative to eye muscle surgery for the treatment of strabismus, some morphological studies on extraocular muscles suggest that botulinum toxins induce ultrastructural changes in the myotendinous nerve endings and that these changes might diminish the proprioceptive abilities of the extraocular muscle. 67,68 Corsi et al 69 and Li and Shen 70 noted alterations in the receptor morphology while analyzing resected rectus muscle specimens from patients who had undergone surgery for concomitant strabismus. They suggested that deranged proprioceptive function contributed to the cause of the strabismus.…”

Section: Palisade Endingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Paduca¹,

Bruenech²

2018

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus

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The potential role of sensory feedback from human extraocular muscles has been subjected to considerable speculation in the ophthalmic literature. Extraocular muscles pull against a fairly even load and do not initiate a stretch reflex, even when the eyes are directed toward the boundaries of their respective field of action. These unique working conditions and physiological properties have led to the notion that the sensory signal arising from receptors in extraocular muscles differs from the conventional proprioceptive signal arising from their somatic counterparts. The interest in the receptors at the myotendinous junction of human extraocular muscles has been renewed due to their alleged role in the development of binocular vision and their potential implication in the etiology of binocular vision anomalies. The idea that extraocular muscles provide knowledge of eye position and whether this function can be affected by surgical intervention has initiated several clinical and neuroanatomical studies. Many of these studies support this concept and suggest that surgical procedures that impose only minimal interference with the proprioceptive signal will give a better postoperative result. However, other studies contradict this view because the afferent capacity of the receptors can be questioned and some uncertainties remain. The purpose of this study was to review the related literature and discuss the possible role of ocular proprioceptors in relation to binocular vision and the development of eye motility disorders. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55(1):14-22.].

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Section: Palisade Endingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Paduca¹,

Bruenech²

2018

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus

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“…Only a single study 49 has analyzed the effect of BoNT-A on palisade endings but experiments were done in adult cats, when palisade endings are already mature, whereas the present study was done in newborn kittens when palisade endings are developing. After BoNT-A treatment, palisade endings in adult cats exhibit changes at the fine structural level, including increase of structural proteins (neurofilament) in myelinated and unmyelinated axons, separation of the myelin sheath, and incomplete coverage of terminal varicosities with Schwann cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After BoNT-A treatment, palisade endings in adult cats exhibit changes at the fine structural level, including increase of structural proteins (neurofilament) in myelinated and unmyelinated axons, separation of the myelin sheath, and incomplete coverage of terminal varicosities with Schwann cells. 49 It is important to note, however, that terminal varicosities of palisade endings are usually incompletely covered by Schwann cells, 8 , 9 , 13 and this feature cannot be a consequence of the BoNT-A treatment. Thus, the neurotoxin-induced changes of adult palisade endings are probably less severe than claimed in the previous study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Movements But Not Vision Drive the Development of Palisade Endings

Carrero-Rojas

Calvo

Lischka

et al. 2022

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose To test whether visual experience and/or eye movements drive the postnatal development of palisade endings in extraocular muscles. Methods In three newborn cats, the right eye was covered until 30 days from postnatal (P) day 7 (before opening their eyes), and in three cats both eyes were covered until 45 days, also from P7. To block eye movements, another seven cats received a retrobulbar injection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) into the left orbit at birth and survived for 45 days (three cats) and 95 days (four cats). The distal third of the rectus muscles containing the palisade endings was used for whole-mount preparation and triple-fluorescence labeling with anti-neurofilament along with (1) anti-synaptophysin and phalloidin or (2) anti-growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) and phalloidin. Immunolabeled specimens were analyzed in the confocal laser scanning microscope. Results After unilateral and bilateral dark rearing, palisade endings were qualitatively and quantitatively equal to those from age-matched controls. After BoNT-A induced eye immobilization for 45 or 95 days, palisade endings were absent in the superior rectus and lateral rectus muscles and only present in the inferior rectus and medial rectus muscle. These BoNT-A–treated palisade endings were rudimentary and reduced in number, and the expression of the neuronal developmental protein GAP43 was significantly reduced. Conclusions This study demonstrates that eye immobilization, but not visual deprivation, affects palisade ending development. Palisade endings develop in the first month of life, and the present findings indicate that, during this time window, palisade endings are prone to oculomotor perturbations.

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“…One may reason that it could take a longer time to change existing gait patterns that had been present for the extended duration of spasticity. Another possibility would be the need for the subjects to adapt to the reduced spasticity and also to the decrease in proprioceptive input after intramuscular BT‐A [38,39]. Nevertheless, regardless of stroke onset, most participants were able to show serial improvement of gait even after these possible changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Botulinum Toxin Injections on Plantar Flexor Spasticity in Different Phases After Stroke: A Secondary Analysis From a Double‐Blind, Randomized Trial

Park

Choi

et al. 2018

PM&R

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Ultrastructural changes in myotendinous nerve endings induced by injection of botulinum toxin into the extraocular muscle

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Eye Movements But Not Vision Drive the Development of Palisade Endings

The Effects of Botulinum Toxin Injections on Plantar Flexor Spasticity in Different Phases After Stroke: A Secondary Analysis From a Double‐Blind, Randomized Trial

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