Ultrastructural Changes during the Life Cycle of Mycoplasma salivarium in Oral Biopsies from Patients with Oral Leukoplakia

Abstract

Bacteria in genus Mycoplasma spp. are the smallest and simplest form of freely replicating bacteria, with 16 species known to infect humans. In the mouth, M. salivarium is the most frequently identified species. Mycoplasma spp. are parasites with small genomes. Although most of the Mycoplasma spp. that infect humans remain attached to the host cell surface throughout their life cycle, we have previously reported the presence of Mycoplasma salivarium in the epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogenicity of M. salivarium has remained unclear. Further studies are needed to identify the process of infection of human cells and the stages in the life cycle of M. salivarium. Electron microscopy (EM) is the method of choice for morphological investigation of Mycoplasma spp. in cells or tissues. This study was performed to clarify and detail the ultrastructure of M. salivarium in tissue biopsies of oral mucosal leukoplakia, using three EM methods: (1) a standard EM processing method; (2) an ultracryotomy and immunolabeling method; and (3) the LR White resin post-embedding and immunolabeling method. This study included five oral leukoplakia tissue samples showing hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Although there was some variation in ultrastructural appearances between the three EM methods used, there were four ultrastructural appearances that are believed to reflect the stages of the M. salivarium life cycle in the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa: (1) small, electron-dense cellular-like structures or elementary bodies of M. salivarium; (2) large structures of M. salivarium; (3) M. salivarium organisms in cell division; (4) the sequence of events in the life cycle of M. salivarium that includes: (a) elementary bodies of M. salivarium deep in the oral mucosal epithelium; (b) replication by binary fission and daughter cell division from the elementary bodies; (c) maturation or degeneration of M. salivarium in the epithelial cells mainly in the upper part of the epithelium; and (d) death of the organisms in the granular and/or keratinized layer. These ultrastructural images may provide a useful reference for the identification of M. salivarium in diagnostic cytology or biopsy material.

Clinical implications of the genus Mycoplasma

“…Tradicionalmente se ha considerado como parte de la flora bucal normal. Sin embargo, se han aislado en: leucoplasia oral [ 211 ], infección protésica en paciente con hipogammaglobulinemia [ 212 ], liquen plano oral [ 213 ], neumonía en una niña con leucemia [ 214 ], artritis séptica en un paciente con leucemia linfática crónica [ 215 ], artritis en un paciente con hipogammaglobulinemia [ 216 ], anemia de Falconi asociada a carcinoma oral [ 217 ], empiema pleural [ 218 ], absceso cerebral [ 219 ], absceso submasetérico [ 220 ], alteración de la unión temporomandibular [ 56 ], enfermedad respiratoria crónica [ 221 ], enfermedad periodontal [ 222 ] y en pacientes VIH+ [ 223 ]. El diagnóstico microbiológico se realiza mediante cultivo y PCR.…”

Analisis Molekular dan Karakteristik Hidrogen Sianida (HCN)

“…Berdasarkan reaksi diatas, logam emas larut dalam ion sianda, membentuk anion kopleks 4Na[Au(CN) 2(l) . Larutan emas ini selanjutnya diadsorbsi menggunakan adsorbent karbon aktif atau granular resin (195)(196)(197)(198)(199)(200) anion yang bisa dipisahkan dari lumpur melalui proses penyarigan partikel kasar . Disamping NaCN dan KCN, ion kompleks heksasianoferaat III juga bisa digunakan sebagai oksidator dan pelarut emas dalam proses sianidasi.…”

“…(2) Kation (97; 173; 183-185) bereaksi dengan percepatan menuju elektroda (186) negatif dan anion (97; 149; 183; 187; 188) bereaksi dengan percepatan menuju elektroda positif. Akan tetapi,saat ion bergerak melalui pelarut (189)(190)(191) maka ion akan mengalami gaya gesekan (192)(193)(194)(195)(196) memperlambat muatan (197) yang setara dengan kecepatannya.dan jika dianalogikan hukumStokes (198)(199)(200)(201)(202) untuk bola radius (179; 203-206) a dan s berlaku pada skala mikroskopis,maka kita dapat menuliskan gaya perlambatan (207)(208)(209)(210)(211) ini dibawah ini: F = fs f = 6πηα…”

A genomic sequence of the type II-A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system in Mycoplasma salivarium strain ATCC 29803

“…have developed mechanisms to enter host cells that are not naturally phagocytic [ 8 ]. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy experiments have shown that M. salivarium often colonizes in the epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia [ 12 , 13 ]. Oral leukoplakia is an oral potentially malignant disorder characterized by various site-specific chromosomal abnormalities and gene alterations in epithelial cells [ 14–17 ]; however, its underlying mechanism has not yet been clarified.…”