Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Delivery ofInsulin-Like Growth Factor 1cDNA andTransforming Growth Factor BetaShort Hairpin RNA Enhances Tendon Regeneration and Inhibits Scar FormationIn Vivo

An Extracellular Vesicle-Cloaked Multifaceted Biocatalyst for Ultrasound-Augmented Tendon Matrix Reconstruction and Immune Microenvironment Regulation

“…Medical US has been applied as a drug delivery facilitator for decades because this is noninvasive and has strong tissue penetrative and focusing abilities . The sonoporation effect of US can increase the permeability of cell membrane and augment the endocytosis process, thus enhancing cellular uptake (Figure C). − Here, we used EN/DiD-EVs to analyze US-augmented endocytosis. After a 4-h incubation, the tenocytes in the US-irradiated group presented a significantly higher amount of intracellular EN/DiD-EVs with an increased endocytic ratio (15.15% of US irradiation group vs 1.45% of the non-US group.…”

Evaluation of a new collagen‐based medical device (ElastiCo®) for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon injury and prevention of peritendinous adhesions: An in vitro biocompatibility and in vivo investigation

“…Among recent literature, 11 papers (Cook et al, 2004; Dabak et al, 2015; Liu et al, 2016; Meier Bürgisser et al, 2014; Najafbeygi et al, 2017; Oliva et al, 2019; Oryan et al, 2015; Tosun et al, 2016; Veronesi et al, 2015; Xiang et al, 2018) reported biomechanical evaluations in biomaterials, most of them performed in rats (Chen et al, 2018; Cook et al, 2004; Dabak et al, 2015; Oliva et al, 2019; Xiang et al, 2018). Nevertheless, none of these authors administered surgically scaffolds, but they injected curcumin‐loaded nanomicelles (Zhang et al, 2016), insulin‐like growth factor 1 cDNA or transforming growth factor beta short hairpin RNA (Tang et al, 2015; Xiang et al, 2018), HA and chondroitin sulfate (Tosun et al, 2016) or phospholipids (Dabak et al, 2015) into the lesion site or performed suture only (Cook et al, 2004). Only one study performed biomechanical tests in Achilles tendons of rats, treated with Type I collagen scaffold, after the modified Kessler technique, and the biomechanical analyses were achieved on Achilles tendon after dissection from the surrounding tissue (Zhao et al, 2013).…”

“…However, despite progress in preclinical and clinical researches, in surgical techniques, and in the rehabilitation program, the formation of peritendinous adhesions between tendon and the surrounding tissues remains a common and severe complication in tendon surgery. Adhesions occur in the first 6 weeks of the healing phase, and their incidence ranges from 7% to 15% of cases, leading to a reduction in tendon gliding with consequent functional alterations, loss of work hours, and reduced sport performance (Xiang et al, 2018). Adhesion formation is a consequence of the exogenous healing process, in which hyperplasia and chemotaxis of fibroblasts, with deposition of non‐Type I collagen matrix, are observed.…”

Ultrasound-augmented anti-inflammatory exosomes for targeted therapy in rheumatoid arthritis

“…It has been proved that ultrasound could increase the targeted delivery efficiency of exosomes, 28,40 which can increase the permeability of blood vessels and cell membranes through mechanical effects, thermal effects, cavitation effects, and others to promote drugs, genes, and nanocarriers including exosomes targeted to tissues and cells. 41,42 Previous research has proved that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction assists exosome delivery in the objective organization such as heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. 43,44 Our work proved that ultrasound could assist exosomes to target inflammatory joints even without microbubbles.…”