Ultrasound of the gallbladder and the biliary tree

Sd, Yarmenitis

doi:10.1007/s00330-001-1251-8

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Clutter noise is apparent in the hypoechoic regions of the bladder and gall bladder (previous literature states that these regions should be hypoechoic or anechoic in the absence of clutter [28], [29]). Such hypoechoic regions are not always present in abdominal images of diagnostic interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A motion-based approach to abdominal clutter reduction

Lediju

Pihl

Hsu

et al. 2009

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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In ultrasound images, clutter is a noise artifact most easily observed in anechoic or hypoechoic regions. It appears as diffuse echoes overlying anatomical structures of diagnostic importance, obscuring tissue borders and reducing image contrast. A novel clutter reduction method for abdominal images is proposed, wherein the abdominal wall is displaced during successive-frame image acquisitions. A region of clutter distal to the abdominal wall was observed to move with the abdominal wall, and finite impulse response (FIR) and blind source separation (BSS) motion filters were implemented to reduce this clutter. The proposed clutter reduction method was tested in simulated and phantom data and applied to fundamental and harmonic in vivo bladder and liver images from 2 volunteers. Results show clutter reductions ranging from 0 to 18 dB in FIR-filtered images and 9 to 27 dB in BSS-filtered images. The contrast-to-noise ratio was improved by 21 to 68% and 44 to 108% in FIR-and BSS-filtered images, respectively. Improvements in contrast ranged from 4 to 12 dB. The method shows promise for reducing clutter in other abdominal images.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A motion-based approach to abdominal clutter reduction

Lediju

Pihl

Hsu

et al. 2009

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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“…A recent study showed that US is a useful modality for detection of the canine CBD diameter and that US results were not signi cantly different from those of CT [20]. In human medicine, bile duct dilatation has been detected by US with the sensitivity of 85-95% for experienced examiners [21]. In all three dogs (Dogs 1, 5, 10) that showed normal CBD in US but abnormal in ERC, pathology revealed abnormal ndings of the hepatobiliary system which highlights the fact that a normal US examination cannot rule out the need for ERC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Value of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Therapeutic Value of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy in Dogs With Suspected Hepatobiliary Disorders

Rahmani

Spillmann

Halttunen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Conventional diagnostic methods have some limitations in diagnosing specific causes of canine hepatobiliary disorders. In the evaluation of the hepatobiliary system in dogs, ultrasonography (US) is the first imaging method of choice. Nonetheless, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has also been proven to be a practicable technique for evaluating canine hepatobiliary (endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, ERC) and pancreatic duct (endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, ERP) disorders, providing additional therapeutic options by sphincterotomy (EST). To date, the efficacy and safety of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP has not been evaluated in veterinary medicine literature. The present study sought to report complications and outcomes of dogs undergoing ERCP and EST, and to assess the usefulness of diagnostic ERCP by comparing the findings of US, ERCP and histopathological findings in liver and pancreas. Results: This retrospective case series comprises data collected from 15 dogs that underwent successful ERC/ERCP. Nine dogs underwent EST following ERC. US and ERC were most in agreement when assessing the common bile duct. In case of disagreement between the modalities, the ERC findings of the ductal structures were in line with the available pathology findings more often than the US findings, whereas the opposite was noted for the gallbladder. The technical success rates were 88.2% for ERC, 66.7% for ERP, and 81.8% for EST, with no major complications during or immediately after the procedure. Immediate bile flow after EST was recorded in 7/9 dogs but only four showed coinciding clinical and laboratory improvement and four dogs were euthanized within one to six days after EST. Conclusions: US remains a valuable initial diagnostic imaging method for hepatobiliary disorders and allows good assessment of the gallbladder. ERC can serve as a complementary procedure for diagnostic assessment of the hepatobiliary duct disorders. However, in order to improve the outcomes of EST, careful selection of patients for the procedure would require more advanced diagnostic imaging of the hepatobiliary area.

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“…Adenomyomatosis may be focal, segmental, or diffuse, and the wall may be thickened or not. In the focal form, grayscale US shows the “comet tail” artifacts . On CEUS, the wall shows a “moth‐eaten” enhancement pattern in the arterial phase, caused by normal enhancement of the healthy wall, without enhancement in the diverticular zone .…”

Section: Training and Examination Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the focal form, grayscale US shows the "comet tail" artifacts. 16,[18][19][20][21] On CEUS, the wall shows a "moth-eaten" enhancement pattern in the arterial phase, caused by normal enhancement of the healthy wall, without enhancement in the diverticular zone. 20,21 Occasionally, adenomyomatosis may take a "hourglass'' appearance in half of the wall, which enhances homogeneously ( Figure 4).…”

Section: Cholesterol Polypsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound examination of the gallbladder and bile ducts: A pictorial essay

Cokkinos

Antypa

Tsolaki

et al. 2017

J of Clinical Ultrasound

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The gallbladder and bile ducts are usually assessed initially with conventional gray-scale ultrasound (US). Contrast enhanced US (CEUS) is used when a diagnosis cannot be reached with conventional US. CEUS is easy to learn and perform. US contrast agents can be safely administered in patients with renal function impairment. In this pictorial essay the physics, examination technique and indications of CEUS for examining the gallbladder and bile ducts are reviewed. Gallbladder indications include elucidating normal variants, differentiating sludge from neoplastic lesions, benign and malignant pathology, infection, wall rupture and hemobilia. In the biliary tree CEUS is used for studying benign and malignant tumors, including metastases and cholangiocarcinoma, as well as intrabiliary injection. K E Y W O R D Sbile ducts, CEUS, contrast agents, gallbladder, ultrasound | I N TR ODU C TI ONThe gallbladder and bile ducts are usually adequately imaged with grayscale sonography (US) and often no additional imaging is required. In cases when further imaging is needed to elucidate US findings, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) overcomes the limitations of color Doppler imaging and can be used immediately after grayscale US examination. | PHYSICS OF US CONTRAST AGENTSContrast agents are composed of microbubbles of gas contained in a shell of protein, lipid, or polymer. 1 They have no renal or cardiac toxicity and can be safely administered in patients with renal insufficiency. CEUS examination requires dedicated contrast agent-specific techniques. 5,6 One of these techniques is phase inversion, where 2 different US pulses in opposite phases are emitted by the scanner sequentially. This achieves optimal contrast resolution and minimal stationary tissue signal. 7 A split-screen setting of the machine's monitor (dual view mode) allows simultaneous display of contrast-enhanced and conventional gray-scale images. However, a common artifact results from strongly reflective structures (eg, the diaphragm, vessel walls, the abdominal wall, or gas-filled structures) appearing as contrast enhancement on the CEUS part of the screen. 8

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Ultrasound of the gallbladder and the biliary tree

Cited by 21 publications

References 58 publications

A motion-based approach to abdominal clutter reduction

A motion-based approach to abdominal clutter reduction

Diagnostic Value of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Therapeutic Value of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy in Dogs With Suspected Hepatobiliary Disorders

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound examination of the gallbladder and bile ducts: A pictorial essay

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