Ultrasound Multiparametric Assessment of the Impact of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy on Fetal Cardiac Function and Growth and Development

Abstract

Objective.To evaluate the ultrasound multiparametric assessment of the impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) on fetal cardiac function and growth and development. Methods. In this prospective study, 98 cases of HDP treated in our institution were recruited into a study group, and 100 pregnant women with healthy singleton pregnancies were included in a control group. All eligible patients were also assigned to either study group A (HDP fetuses with growth restriction) or study group B (HDP fetuses with normal growth). Fetal echocardiography was performed on all eligible participants to obtain hemodynamic and cardiac function parameters for the evaluation of fetal growth and development, and the impact of HDP on fetal heart function and growth and development was analyzed. Results. HDP fetuses were associated with smaller head circumference, biparietal diameter, femoral length, and abdominal circumference versus healthy fetuses. The study group had a higher resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of umbilical artery (UA), ductus venous (DV), pulmonary vein (PV), and lower RI and PI of aortic isthmus (AoI) than the control group. The study group showed higher left and right ventricular isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and myocardial performance index (MPI) values and lower mitral and tricuspid E wave and E/A values than the control group. The systolic blood pressure was positively correlated with PI, RI of UA, DV, and PV, and left and right ventricular IVCT, IVRT, and MPI and negatively correlated with PI and RI of AoI and mitral and tricuspid E wave and E/A values of HDP fetuses. The peak systolic/diastolic flow rate (S/D), PI, and RI of umbilical blood flow in study group A were higher than those in study group B. Umbilical blood flow S/D showed the highest AUC and specificity for predicting fetal growth restriction, and PI had the highest sensitivity for predicting fetal growth restriction. Conclusion. HDP compromises fetal cardiac function and growth, and ultrasound multiparametric assessment provides accurate detection of fetal cardiac function and hemodynamics changes. The patient’s condition can be monitored through the assessment of ultrasound parameters of fetal growth and development.

Hypertension Related Co-Morbidities and Complications in Women of Sub-Saharan Africa: A Brief Review

“…[150][151][152] These complications often necessitate intensive care, prolong hospitalization, and can lead to adverse metabolic, neurological, and cardiovascular outcomes, along with congenital heart defects. [155][156][157][158] The prevalence of preterm birth in low-to middle-income countries in SSA exhibits a wide range, spanning from 2.4% to 49.4%. 189 One study in Ghana involving 388 women with HDP emphasizes concerning statistics: 6.8% of babies were stillborn, 3.8% faced early neonatal death, and perinatal death affected 10.6% of cases.…”

“…153,154 The diagnosis of HDP amplifies the risk of offspring developing adverse metabolic outcomes, improper growth and development, and neurological and cardiovascular outcomes. [155][156][157][158] Notably, neurological issues are at higher rates of developmental delays in babies born to HDP mothers. 153 Additionally, maternal HDP elevates the likelihood of offspring developing conditions such as autism spectrum disorder by 1.4-fold and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder by 1.3-fold, signifying a profound and far-reaching impact on their health and development.…”

Retracted: Ultrasound Multiparametric Assessment of the Impact of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy on Fetal Cardiac Function and Growth and Development

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”