Ultrasound Determination of Gestational Age Using Placental Thickness in Female Dogs: An Experimental Study

Maldonado, André Luiz Louzada; Júnior, Edward Araujo; Mendonça, Débora Sartori; Nardozza, Luciano Marcondes Machado; Moron, Antônio Fernandes; Ajzen, Sérgio Aron

doi:10.1155/2012/850867

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…The reliability of the placental ultrasonographic measurements for prediction of parturition day is controversial [ 12 , 22 , 55 , 56 , 58 ]. Zonary placental length, measured as the distance between the two extremities of the zonary placenta in a longitudinal scan, is not significantly correlated with gestational age in small-sized dogs [ 55 ], while placental thickness is positively correlated with gestational age, regardless of breed and body weight [ 58 ]. Formulas for ICC, OUD and placental thickness, along with the time of pregnancy at which they were calculated, are reported in Table 3 .…”

Section: Embryonic and Fetal Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of Maternal and Fetal Parameters for the Prediction of Parturition Date in Dogs

Siena

Milani

2021

Animals

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An accurate parturition timing is of key importance for breeders and veterinarians in order to give professional assistance to parturition in dogs. However, pregnancy length calculated from the breeding date has a wide variability. Different parameters and formulas have been described and calculated, as well as their accuracy which is affected by various factors: stage of pregnancy, litter and maternal size. Therefore, the selection of the most appropriate parameter panel poses the challenge of weighing their influences and impact on the overall accuracy. The aim of this review is to analyze the parameters useful for parturition timing, especially their accuracy, and to propose the addition of fetal maturity and criteria for its evaluation to detect readiness for parturition. Parameters, as described in literature, are classified as: (i) maternal parameters, (ii) fetal parameters, (iii) ultrasonographic assessment of maternal and fetal heart rate and blood flow, (iv) parameters indicating fetal maturity. A focus on recently described parameters—such as fetal gastrointestinal motility and fetal lung development detected by quantitative ultrasound—is reported. Currently, the most accurate way to predict parturition day is represented by a prepartum progesterone drop, but the identification of a panel of ultrasonographic parameters combining their significance and their accuracy throughout pregnancy is still needed.

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Section: Embryonic and Fetal Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of Maternal and Fetal Parameters for the Prediction of Parturition Date in Dogs

Siena

Milani

2021

Animals

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“…Delivery date or gestational age can be estimated by measuring gestational vesicle diameter or chorionic cavity diameter (Yeager et al, 1992;Luvoni & Grioni, 2000), biparietal diameter (Kutzler et al, 2003), thoracic and abdominal, body lengths (England et al, 1990), placental thickness (Maldonado et al 2012) and diencephalon-telencephalic vesicle diameter (Beccaglia et al, 2008). However, only ICCD and BPD measurements were evaluated in the current study because they provide accurate results to estimate gestational age at embryonic and fetal stage, respectively (Kutzler et al, 2003;Luvoni & Beccaglia, 2006;Lopate, 2008;Michel et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breed-specific ecobiometry and ultrasound factors predictive of fetal maturity in healthy English Bulldog bitches subjected to elective cesarean section

Freitas

Costa

Waller

et al. 2021

RSD

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The aims of the current study are to build an equation to predict gestational age (GA) and to compare ultrasound parameters indicative of delivery in healthy English Bulldog bitches subjected to elective cesarean section. Sixteen pregnant female dogs were included in the study. Inner chorionic cavity (ICCDD) and biparietal (BPD) diameters were measured at 30 and 50 days after artificial insemination, respectively, to estimate GA at embryonic and fetal stages. BPD, heart rate (HR), and intestinal peristalsis were measured at 48 h, 24 h, and 6 hours before delivery to compare fetal development. ICCD and BPD values were subjected to linear regression and parameters predictive of elective cesarean section were compared through Student’s t-test before delivery. The number of conceptuses did not influence pregnancy duration. Both ICCD and BPD were significantly correlated to GA; their formulas presented accuracy of ± 1 and ± 2 days, respectively, in comparison to that of progesterone dosage. Based on the comparative ultrasound assessment, BPD has significantly increased from 48 h to 6 h before delivery (≥3 cm), regardless of the number of pups, whereas HR has significantly decreased within 6 h before delivery (HR <200 bpm). There was not statistically significant difference in parameter “intestinal peristalsis” among measurement times. The current study is pioneer in highlighting that measuring ICCD and BPD in the formula is a useful tool to predict GA in the herein investigated breed and that fetal parameters such as BPD and HR are fetal maturity predictors.

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“…They represent a quite common finding at term and negatively affect foetus/neonate development only when more than 5% of the placental parenchyma is involved or when infarcts diameter is larger than 3 cm (Maldonado et al. 2012). Moreover, in human medicine, placental necrosis could be related to several conditions linked to in utero hypoxia, such as maternal hypertensive disorders (Stanek, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, villous infarcts are coagulative-type necrosis, seen most commonly at the placental margin and usually distinctive on gross examination (Kaplan, 2007). They represent a quite common finding at term and negatively affect foetus/neonate development only when more than 5% of the placental parenchyma is involved or when infarcts diameter is larger than 3 cm (Maldonado et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Placental vascular changes, in humans, followed by necrosis/calcification have been described as consequence of hypoxia (Stanek, 2009). Placental calcifications, well reviewed in humans (Mastrolia et al, 2016), appeared to be related with adverse pregnancy outcomes only when ultrasonographical detection occurred before 32 weeks; in canines, it was reported as incidental finding in a clinical study examining 336 pregnant bitches (Maldonado et al., 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gross and histological findings in the canine placenta and amnion at term: What’s normal, abnormal or pathological?

Tesi

Miragliotta

Scala

et al. 2021

Reprod Domestic Animals

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The canine placenta is an underexamined organ. Placental abnormalities can affect foetus development and may be responsible for a low weight of the infant at birth; however, knowledge on their clinical significance in the canine species is limited. We aimed to describe macroscopic and microscopic findings in the canine placenta and amnion at term in clinically uncomplicated pregnancies and to evaluate their relationship with birth weight of healthy puppies. During natural delivery or C‐section, the birth weight of 82 puppies was recorded, 72 placentas and 66 amnions were recovered. The foetal and maternal surfaces of the placental girdle, marginal haematoma and amnion were evaluated. Each gross finding was recorded, morphometrically assessed and sampled for histological diagnosis. Furthermore, specimens of placenta and amnion were collected from representative areas and microscopic deviations from normal structure were evaluated in haematoxylin and eosin sections. Gross examination revealed ‘abnormalities’ in the 75.4% of the collected placentas. Necrosis was the gross change most commonly observed in the placental girdle (72.5%). Congestion (17.4%) and clotted blood/fibrinoid material (2.9%) were also observed. No gross changes of either the marginal haematoma or the amnion were recorded. Histologically, placental girdle showed necrosis (62.3%), mineralization (52.2%), congestion (36.2%) and neutrophilic infiltration (27.5%). Marginal haematoma exhibited mineralization (11.6%) and neutrophils (29%), while necrotic foci were rarely observed (4.3%). In the amnion, the most frequent alteration observed was hypertrophy of the epithelium (35.9%) followed by oedema (31.2%), mineralized foci (28.1%), fibrosis (23.4%), congestion (15.6%) and more rarely neutrophils (12.5%). Puppies’ birth weight was not statistically affected by either gross or histological abnormalities. Our study revealed that macroscopic and microscopic ‘abnormalities’ of the placenta and amnion may be common in uncomplicated pregnancies at term; however, no implications on puppies’ birth weight were observed. Deviations from ‘normal’ morphology of canine foetal adnexa warrant further investigation to assess their clinical implications if present.

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Ultrasound Determination of Gestational Age Using Placental Thickness in Female Dogs: An Experimental Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Usefulness of Maternal and Fetal Parameters for the Prediction of Parturition Date in Dogs

Usefulness of Maternal and Fetal Parameters for the Prediction of Parturition Date in Dogs

Breed-specific ecobiometry and ultrasound factors predictive of fetal maturity in healthy English Bulldog bitches subjected to elective cesarean section

Gross and histological findings in the canine placenta and amnion at term: What’s normal, abnormal or pathological?

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