Ultrasound Cardiography: Contrast Studies in Anatomy and Function

Gramiak, Raymond; Shah, Pravin M.; Kramer, David N.

doi:10.1148/92.5.939

Cited by 434 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We have identified three such artifacts: (1) color "blooming," (2) increased maximum Doppler shifts, and (3) spectral ''bubble noise. "25 These artifacts are described in this paper along with their cause and possible remedy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Forsberg

Liu

Burns

et al. 1994

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

201

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Intravenously injected ultrasonic contrast agents making use of encapsulated gas microbubbles have excellent clinical potential for both color and spectral Doppler studies. However, a number of artifacts are associated with sonographic contrast agent measurements. Three artifacts were identified: (1) color "blooming," (2) increased maximum Doppler shift, and (3) spectral "bubble noise." Experiments have been conducted with Albunex and Levovist. These agents were injected into rabbits and humans to allow the cause of the artifacts to be established. Color blooming occurs soon after the bolus injection and is seen as gray scale pixels changing to color display. This is caused by the increase in flow signal strength. The apparent increase in the maximum Doppler shift frequency is due to the limited dynamic range of the spectral display. Only signals above a certain threshold are visible. As the Doppler signal power is enhanced, the highest frequency visible also increases. Finally, very large excursions can sometimes be seen in the spectral display (bubble noise). These might be due to either the breakdown of microbubbles or individual very large bubbles. The color blooming and bubble noise artifacts are easily identifiable and will not influence diagnostic management. The increase in peak Doppler shifts is more troublesome as it prevents comparison of spectral parameters obtained before and after injection of contrast agent.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Forsberg

Liu

Burns

et al. 1994

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

201

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“…Twenty-one patients (age four to 25 years) with bicuspid aortic valves proved by surgery and angiography (12) or angiography alone (9) were studied by echocardiography. Seventeen patients had aortic valve disease (11 stenosis, 6 incompetence) and four had coarctation of the aorta with normally functioning aortic valves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic Recognition of the Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve

et al. 1974

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SUMMARYTwenty-one patients (age four to 25 years) with bicuspid aortic valves proved by surgery and angiography (12) or angiography alone (9) were studied by echocardiography. Seventeen patients had aortic valve disease (11 stenosis, 6 incompetence) and four had coarctation of the aorta with normally functioning aortic valves. A comparison group of 16 patients (9 with aortic valve disease and 7 without aortic valve disease) who had proven tricuspid aortic valves was also studied. Echocardiograms in tricuspid aortic valve patients showed the closed position of the cusps near the middle of the aortic lumen. In contrast marked eccentricity of the aortic valve cusp echoes in diastole could be demonstrated in all with bicuspid aortic valves. The Eccentricity Index (1/2 aortic lumen diameter/minimum distance of the diastolic cusp echo from the nearest aortic margin) was low (range 1.0-1.25) with tricuspid aortic valves and high (range 1.5-5.6) with bicuspid aortic valves (P < 0.001). This index was not significantly affected following successful valvotomy. Bicuspid aortic valve cusps showed normal systolic motion pattern resulting in marked asymmetry of leaflet images. About half of patients with bicuspid aortic valves also showed multilayered echoes in diastole in the absence of fluoroscopic evidence of valvular calcification. Echocardiography appears to be specific in the recognition of the bicuspid aortic valve.

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“…Contrast echo had been performed since the early days of the echo [62]. At first, it was used for detecting shunts in congenital malformation.…”

Section: The Widespread Use Of M-mode Echocardiography In the Latmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the early days of contrast echocardiography contrast material was an indocyanine green solution [62].…”

Section: Trials and Errors On The Way Of The Development Of Echocamentioning

confidence: 99%

Short History of The Development of Echocardiograpy With Special Reference to That in Japan (1)

Nimura¹

2003

J Echocardiogr

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The ultrasound reflection technique was introduced into cardiology in 1953, and in 1955, the ultrasonic Doppler technique was introduced. The dawning stage of ultrasound diagnostics of the heart was the ten year period prior to 1965.During this stage, besides the afore mentioned techniques, there were only a few attempts to use ultrasound for heart diagnostics.In the next age, from about 1965 to 1975, the leading type of the cardiac ultrasound was M-mode echocardiography.M-mode echocardiography was the first generation of ultrasound diagnostics of the heart used in routine practice. This period may be called the age of M-mode echocardiography. During 1975 to 1985, the leading technique was real-time two-dimensional echocardiography, with and without the Doppler mechanism, which was the second generation in routine. This period can be called the age of the two-dimensional echocardiography. The period from 1985 to the present time may be called the age of the color Doppler, which has been the third generation of the cardiac ultrasound.However, since the middle of this last age the cardiac ultrasound has been showing the most diversification of techniques and usages. Therefore, it is uncertain whether the age division as mentioned above can be continued. The period extending over the last age and present time may be the second dawn of the cardiac ultrasound.

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Ultrasound Cardiography: Contrast Studies in Anatomy and Function

Cited by 434 publications

References 8 publications

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Echocardiographic Recognition of the Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Short History of The Development of Echocardiograpy With Special Reference to That in Japan (1)

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