OBJECTIVES
Current risk-stratification of internal carotid artery plaques based on diameter-reducing percent stenosis may be unreliable since ischemic stroke results from plaque disruption with atheroembolization. Biomechanical forces acting on the plaque may render it vulnerable to rupture. The feasibility of ultrasound-based quantification of plaque displacement and strain induced by hemodynamic forces, and their relationship to high-risk plaques has not been determined. We studied the feasibility and reliability of carotid plaque strain measurement from clinical B-mode ultrasound images, and the relationship of strain to high-risk plaque morphology.
METHODS
We analyzed carotid ultrasound B-mode cine-loops obtained in patients with asymptomatic ≥50% stenosis during routine clinical scanning. Optical-flow methods were used to quantify plaque-motion and shear-strain during the cardiac-cycle. The magnitude (Maximum Absolute Shear-Strain Rate, MASSR), and variability (information Entropy of Shear-Strain Rate, ESSR and the Variance of Shear-Strain Rate, VSSR) of strain were combined into a composite Shear-Strain-Index (SSI) which was assessed for inter-scan repeatability and correlated with plaque echolucency.
RESULTS
Nineteen patients (mean age 70-years) constituting 36 plaques underwent imaging. 37% (n=7) of patients showed high strain (SSI ≥0.5, and mean MASSR 2.2, ESSR 39.7, VSSR 0.03) in their plaques, while the remaining clustered into a low-strain group (SSI <0.5, MASSR 0.58, ESSR 21.2, VSSR 0.002). The area of echolucent morphology was greater in high-strain plaques versus low-strain plaques (28% versus 17%, P=.018). Strain measurements showed low variability on Bland-Altman plots with cluster-assignment agreement of 76% on repeat scanning. Two patients developed a stroke over 2 years of follow-up; both demonstrated high SSI (≥0.5) at baseline.
CONCLUSIONS
Carotid plaque strain is reliably computed from routine B-mode imaging using clinical ultrasound machines. High plaque strain correlates with known high-risk echolucent morphology. Strain measurement can complement identification of patients at high risk for plaque disruption and stroke.