Ultrasound-Assisted Removal of Tetracycline by a Fe/N–C Hybrids/H₂O₂ Fenton-like System

Abstract

In this work, the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in water by the integrated ultrasound (US)-Fenton process was investigated. For this, a new composite Fe/N–C- x ( x is the molar ratio of iron salt Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O) catalyst was synthesized through simple carbonization of the mixture of glucose and iron salt Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O in the presence of ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source. The resultant catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and N 2 adsorption–desorption, showing a typical graphite porous structure and good magnetic properties. The results indicated that the optimized Fe/N–C-2 catalyst prepared with a mole ratio of glucose/Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O/NH 4 Cl of 5:2:16.8 exhibited the highest TC removal in the Fe/N–C-2/H 2 O 2 /US system at a wide pH range from 3.0 to 11.0. At an initial pH of 7.0, TC removal in the Fe/N–C-2/H 2 O 2 /TC/US system was 1.83, 18.69, and 28.75 times of that in Fe/N–C-2/TC/H 2 O 2 , H 2 O 2 /TC/US, and TC/H 2 O 2 systems, showing a positive synergistic action between US and Fe/N–C-2. The effects of catalyst dosage, H 2 O 2 concentration, ultrasonic power, humic acid, and coexisting anions on TC removal were investigated. The preliminary analysis suggested that the Fe–N species and the graphite N dispersed in the carbon matrix are responsible for the efficient catalytic activity. By a simple magnetic separation, the Fe/N–C-2 catalyst was easily recovered and used for the next degradation experiment. Above 88% catalytic ability of Fe/N–C-2 was retained even after six successive runs, suggesting its good reusability. The simple preparation strategy, good magnetic property, and good catalytic ability of the Fe/N–C-2 materials make them promising alternative Fenton-like catalysts for the antibiotics abatement in water.

Functionalized hybrid magnetic catalytic systems on micro- and nanoscale utilized in organic synthesis and degradation of dyes

“…on tetracycline (TC) ultrasound-assisted degradation using Fe/N–C- x hybrid/H 2 O 2 Fenton-like catalysts ( x stands for iron salt molar ratio (Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O)). 136 Unlike previous reports, the removal of TC decreased from 93.8 to only 86.3 in 80 min by altering the pH from 3 to 11, indicating that this catalyst has high removal efficiencies in a wide pH range ( Fig. 20a ).…”

Preparation of Sepiolite Nanofibers Supported Zero Valent Iron Composite Material for Catalytic Removal of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solution

“…Tetracycline hydrochloride is amphoteric compound with multiple ionizable functional groups. When pH is below 3.30, TC-HCl primary exists in the form of cation, zwitterion as main form when pH value is between 3.30 and 7.68, while forming the anion when pH is above 7.68 ( Yang et al, 2018 ; Sun et al, 2021 ). In this study, the removal efficiency of TC-HCl was investigated under various systems, catalyst dosage, H 2 O 2 concentration and pH value.…”

CuS@Cu-CD composites as efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts for the photodegradation of tetracycline

“…The fact suggested that there was interfacial interaction between CuS and Cu-CDs. 50 Compared with the freshly synthesized composites, the binding energies of Cu 2p 3/2 and Cu 2p 1/2 for the used catalyst shied to higher positions (935.3.0 and 956.0 eV), indicating the increasing amount of Cu 2+ aer the Fenton-like reaction. Two satellite peaks of Cu 2p 3/2 and Cu 2p 1/2 were enhanced, further conrming the increased quantities of Cu 2+ in the sample.…”